1. Animal Science II Principles of Animal Nutrition

2. Objective Describe the six functions of a good ration

3. Rations 1. ________________ of vital body processes to keep animals __________ 2. _____________ by increasing size 1. _______________, ________________, _______________, ________________ 3. ___________________ 1. Storing _______________ 2. Not for ______________ or ____________

4. Rations 4. Production _____________ Wool or _________ 5. ____________________ 6. ____________ Other needs must be met _____________ Most U.S. livestock do no _____________ (horses)

5. Rations ______ to ______ of the ration fed to livestock is used for body ______________________ Maintenance must be met before _____________ are available for other _______________

6. Objective Define roughage and concentrates in relation to an animal ration

7. Roughages Contains more than 18% crude fiber when that are dry ______ Roughage ______

8. Concentrates Contains less than ______ crude fiber when they are _______ __________-corn, oats, barley, wheat ____ _____________ Wheat bran Cottonseed hulls

9. Concentrates Liquid supplements ______________ Animal _____________ Meat scraps, fish, and blood __________ _____________ proteins Cottonseed __________ Soybean ___________ Peanut ____________

10. Objective Explain the characteristics of a good ration

12. Good Rations 1. Balanced Has all the _______________ in the right ______________ 2. _______________ Taste good 3. Low Cost Feed is about _______ of the cost of raising livestock

13. Good Rations 4. Not harmful to the health of animals Too much _____________ _________ can cause ____________________ problems 5. Uniformly mixed _______________- vitamins and minerals Feed ______________

14. Objective Define feed additives and hormone implants used in animal rations

15. Feed Additives and Implants Feed additives _______________ used in rations ____________ quantities Improve ____________________ Feed efficiency Rate of gain Health Production

16. Feed Additives and Implants Hormones Implants Most are _______________ _________________ or natural Improves rate of _____________ and ______________ efficiency

17. Feed Additives and Implants Hormones can also be fed as feed _______________

18. Feed Additives and Implants Performance stimulants Increased _____________ by increased _____________________ Low level antibiotic use is subtherapeutic Some public concern regarding antibiotic resistance

19. Feed Additives and Implants Feed additives are widely used in the beef _________, ________ and ______________ industry Many different _________________ drugs are used increase performance and prevent disease Regulated by the _______________________ (______)

20. Objective Explain how to properly mix additives in a complete ration

21. Mixing Additives The main rule that includes all other rules is ___________________________ Mixing is required to provide the correct amounts of _________________ ___________ equipment Keep accurate records on ____________________ feeds

22. Objective Select the appropriate feed additives for the given outcome

23. Kinds of Feed Additives 1. Antimicrobial Drugs ___________________ and antibacterials Used to control _________________ Broad-spectrum when the specific disease is unknown _____________ and ________________ 2. Hormones 1. Improve ______________ efficiency 2. Rate of ___________________ 3. Mainly used for _______________

24. Kinds of Feed Additives 3. Anthelmintics Used to control ________________ ________________ and Dichlovos 4. Others _____________- coccidiosis in poultry _____________- prevent bloat in beef cattle _______________ of MGA to supress estrus in heifers

25. Objective Describe the proper method of hormone implantation

26. Hormone Implantation 1. _______________ the animal 2. Use a sharp needle Prevents ________________ pellets 3. _____________ the site 4. Select the proper location ________ surface Middle one third of the ______ ____________ inches from the base

27. Hormone Implantation 5. Point the instrument toward the head _______________ to the ear Insert being careful not to hit a __________ or _______________ 6. Withdraw ___________, start the implant and remove Removing too quickly can _________ the pellet

28. Hormone Implantation

29. Objective Discuss the general principles in balancing rations

30. Balancing Rations Balanced to meet the animals _________ at the least __________ Variety of fresh feeds More _______________ Easier to _______________ _____________ Filling Helps in digestion

31. Balancing Rations Slightly _________________ Improve feed efficiency Prevent _________________ Economical price per pound of energy and digestible protein Suitable ________________ for cattle ________________ for swine and poultry High ________________ for younger animals

32. Objective Interoperate the relationship between 100% dry matter basis and as-fed basis for rations

33. Dry Matter All _________________ has been removed Feed on 100% dry matter basis Pounds of feed as-fed Percent dry matter in feed

34. Dry Matter Protein 10% Protein 40% Protein 10g As- FedDry Matter Other 15% Other 60% Other 15g Water 75% Water 75g 100g can of dog food

35. Air Dry Still has moisture Feed on an As-fed basis Feed on a dry matter basis Percent dry matter in feed

36. Dry Matter vs. As-fed The weight of 100% dry matter is ____________ No _____________ or moisture is contained Provides an accurate indication of feed content Feeds can vary in _______________ content

37. Dry Matter Content 100% dry matter basis of sun cured hay is about ____________ of as-fed basis 100% dry matter basis of most fresh pasture grasses is about ____________ of as fed basis 100% dry matter basis of most corn (not silage) is about _________ of as-fed basis

38. Dry Matter Content Most feed will stabilize to about _________ dry matter in air drying Storing high moisture feed materials will cause them to ____________ or build up ____________

39. Objective Identify the rules for feeding various kinds of livestock

40. Rules for Feeding Livestock Beef Cattle (fattening) __________ to ______lbs. Of air-dried roughage and _____ lbs. of concentrate per _________ lbs. of body weight Example: An 850 pound steer will need approximately: 12.75 to 17 lbs. of roughage and 17 lbs. concentrates Total= 30 to 34 pounds of feed

41. Rules for Feeding Livestock Cattle (maintenance) mainly ________________ air dried roughage should be ~2% body weight (1.8 dry matter) Cows nursing calves should be fed 50% more than dry cows Example: A 1,213 pound cow should be fed about 24 pounds (1213 X.02= 24.26)

42. Rules for Feeding Livestock Swine depends on ________ and ________ of the animal depends on ____________ Pigs under _____ pounds and __________ sows need more ____________ than market hogs Poultry The ration is ________ of body weight

43. Pearson Square Objective Determine the nutritional requirement from appropriate tables using the Pearson Square Method

44. Finding Nutritional Information Called feeding standards Metric vs. English to convert kg to lb multiply kg by 2.2 a 40 kg steer will weigh 88 lbs. ME- __________________ ____________________ intake

45. Pearson Square 1) Draw a square with lines connecting opposite corners and write the percent crude protein needed at the cross 12

46. Pearson Square Write the feeds to be used and their crude protein content in the left- hand corners lowest at the top highest at the bottom 12 Corn 8.9 Soybean Meal 45.8

47. Pearson Square 12 Corn 8.9 Soybean Meal 45.8 33.8 parts corn 3.1 parts soybean meal Corn- 33.8 divided by 36.9 multiplied by 100= 92% corn SBM 3.1 divided by 36.9 multiplied by 100= 8% SBM

48. Pearson Square Subtract the smallest number from the larger along the diagonal lines 12 Corn 8.9 Soybean Meal 45.8 45.8- 12= 33.8 12-8.9= 3.1

49. Pearson Square 12 Corn 8.9 Soybean Meal 45.8 33.8 parts corn 3.1 parts soybean meal 36.9 total parts