1. Respiration

2. – The process by which chemical bond energy in nutrients is used to synthesize ATP Respiration allows for the energy stored in food to be broken down into a form that can be used by an organism. Respiration is a continuously ongoing process which occurs in almost every cell of an organism

3. ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate ATP: – The chemical energy stored in the bonds of ATP is the only usable form of energy for most living organisms ATP is formed through the process of respiration ADP + P  ATP Adenosine Diphosphate Phosphate Adenosine Triphosphate

4. Energy is released by the process of HYDROLYSIS The process is catalyzed by the enzyme, ATP-ase Two different types of respiration – Aerobic: Uses free oxygen – Anaerobic: Does not use free oxygen

5. During respiration, gasses enter and exit the organism by DIFFUSION across “THE MOIST RESPIRATORY SURFACES (MEMBRANES)” Complex organisms have developed specialized organs with the purpose of absorbing and transporting gasses – AKA the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

6. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION (AKA: FERMENTATION) All living cells use anaerobic respiration to break down glucose into a useable form of energy, ATP The process of anaerobic respiration must always begin with the presence of GLUCOSE The GLUCOSE is then broken down (Glycolysis) with the aid of ENZYMES into PYRUVIC ACID and then into either: – 2 LACTIC ACID + 2 ATP – 2 Alcohol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP

7. Simple BACTERIA and simple ORGANSIMS are unable to carry on aerobic respiration Yeast are able to perform both forms of respiration, but they are capable of surviving solely on anaerobic in a oxygen poor environment Muscle cells in more complex organisms perform anaerobic respiration when adequate oxygen is unavailable

8. Net 2 ATP Fermentation Glycolysis

10. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION RESULTS Lactic Acid Fermentation results in Muscle fatigue and the “Burn” Alcoholic Fermentation Used in Brewing industry (Beer and Wine) Used in Baking as the result of CO 2 Production

11. AEROBIC RESPIRATION Respiration that takes place in the presence of OXYGEN In ANIMALS cellular respiration takes place in the MITOCHONDRIA In PLANTS, respiration is continuously ongoing regardless of photosynthesis Chemical Respiration is the SAME in both PLANTS and ANIMALS

12. Molecules of GLUCOSE are broken down completely into CO 2 and H 2 O Net gain of 36 ATP per molecule of GLUCOSE – 2 ATP from ANAEROBIC – 34 ATP from AEROBIC

13. Aerobic Respiration involves 2 phases

14. Plants – Leaves STOMATES on the underside of the leaf open and close to allow for gas exchange Opening regulated by the Guard Cells Gas exchange occurs by diffusion through cell membranes that are within the spongy layer – Stems Gases exchanged through LENTICELS, small openings on stem – Roots Diffusion of gasses occurs through thin moist membranes of ROOT HAIRS Adaptations for Respiration

15. Monera, Protists, and Fungi – Gas exchange takes place by diffusion through thin, moist, cell membranes Because the cell membrane is (IDCWWE) O2O2 CO 2 O2O2

16. Hydra All cells are in direct contact with watery environment (ACRIDICWE) O2O2 CO 2

17. Earthworm Gas exchange takes place through skin (must be kept moist with mucus) Uses hemoglobin to more effectively carry O 2 through capillaries Grasshopper – Gasses carried through TRACHEAL TUBES – Gasses enter body though SPIRACLES, small holes in exoskeleton – Air sacks pump air from outside to the moist membranes of the body cells

18. Humans Nasal Cavity – Air enters the body through the nostrils – Nasal Cavity is lined with CILIA Cleans, Warms, and Moistens air Pharynx – Area where oral cavity and nasal cavity meet Trachea (Windpipe) – Tube connecting the PHARYNX and the LUNGS – EPIGLOTTIS Flap of tissue that covers the trachea to prevent choking – Larynx (Voicebox)

19. – Walls of TRACHEA contain cartilage rings – CILIATED MUCOUS MEMBRANE traps particles in the air and prevents them from entering the lungs Bronchi and Bronchioles – 2 BRONCHI branch off from end of TRACHEA, one for each lung – Each BRONCHI then branch into smaller BRONCHIOLES – At the end of the BRONCHIOLES are clusters of small air sacs known as ALVEOLI Alveoli – Thin, Moist walls, surrounded by capillaries – Site of gas exchange

21. Gases moving in and out of the blood

22. Respiratory System Disorders Bronchitis – Inflammation of the lining of bronchial tubes – Air passages narrow and fill with mucus Asthma – Allergic reaction – Narrowing of bronchial tubes (Allergic Response) – HISTAMINES are released into the body causing the allergic response

23. Emphysema – Loss of elasticity of walls of Alveoli due to an overexpansion of the Alveoli due to smoking – Smokers cough: results from damage to the cilia lining the trachea – SOB, difficulty breathing, and decreased lung capacity