1. Kim Erickson, President
Engineered Solid Fuel
Introduction
Kim Erickson, President

2. Engineered Solid Fuel Contents
Background
Waste Processing Technology “Study”
The Technology - ESF
“Target Zero” – To Landfill
Kim Erickson, President

3. Engineered Solid Fuel Background
Currently Operate Two Processing Facilities Which Convert Non-Hazardous Municipal Solid Waste (“MSW”) Into A Fuel Source Called Refuse Derived Fuel (“RDF”)
Annually
830,000 Tons Of MSW Subscribed
740,000 Tons Of MSW Processed
625,000 Tons Of RDF Generated
31,000 Metals Recovered & Recycled
Waste Shed Serviced Already Has A Mature Recycling Program In Place

4. Engineered Solid Fuel Background
Annually (Continued)
RDF Supplied To Power Plants Generates Enough “Green” Electricity To Power 55,000 Homes Annually
Supply Three Power Plants – Xcel Energy (two) & Great River Energy

5. Engineered Solid Fuel Background
My Role
Drive Operational Efficiencies, In Light Of/Anticipation Of Declining County Financial Support, To Maintain Viability Of The Existing Business
Research Waste Processing Technologies For A Practical & Capable Alternative To The RDF Model

6. Engineered Solid Fuel Waste Processing Technology “Study”
Not Married To Any One Technology
Goal - Leading Edge, But Proven Technology (risk adjusted)
Objectives
High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
Multiple End-Users
Stable, Consistent, Transportable Fuel Properties
Value Add Product
Environmentally Friendly Operations
No Bonding, No Subsidies – Stand Alone

7. Engineered Solid Fuel Waste Processing Technology “Study”
Discovered That There Is No “Silver Bullet” / “One Size Fits All” Technology For All Waste Streams
Best Use Modeling
Reduction – Problematic Waste
Gasification – Biomass, Homogeneous Waste Feedstock
Anaerobic Digestion – Food & Animal Waste, Homogeneous Waste Feedstock
Solid Fuel Combustion - Residential & Light Commercial Waste (MSW)

8. Engineered Solid Fuel Waste Processing Technology “Study”
Best Use Modeling
Solid Fuel Combustion - Residential & Light Commercial Waste (MSW)
Mass Burn – Combustion Of Non Processed MSW To Generate On Site Steam And/Or Electricity (raw waste)
Refuse Derived Fuel – Combustion Of Processed MSW To Generate Electricity At Modified Power Plants (fluff or compressed pellet)
Engineered Solid Fuel – Combustion Of Highly Refined & Reformulated MSW Used As A Fuel Source By Potentially Any Coal Fired Combustor (extruded pellet)

9. The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW
Goal – Achieved…..
Leading Edge, But Proven Technology (risk adjusted)
Objectives – All Achieved…..
High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
Multiple End-Users
Stable, Consistent, Transportable Fuel Properties
Value Add Product
Environmentally Friendly Operations
No Bonding, No Subsidies – Stand Alone

10. The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW
Goal – Achieved
Leading Edge, But Proven Technology (risk adjusted)
Proprietary Processes (later explained)
First Plant Commenced Operations In The Summer 2008
220,000 Ton Facility In Vaughn, Ontario
Product Demand Exceeds Supply
Plant Designs To 600,000 Tons MSW
Satisfies All Technology Objectives
Dongara

11. The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW
Goal – Achieved
Leading Edge, But Proven Technology (risk adjusted)

12. The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW
Goal – Achieved
Leading Edge, But Proven Technology (risk adjusted)

13. The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW
Objectives – All Achieved
High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
Multiple End-Users
Stable, Consistent, Transportable Fuel Properties
Value Add Product
Environmentally Friendly Operations
No Bonding, No Subsidies – Stand Alone
Dongara

14. High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW – Objectives All Achieved
High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
High Energy Content
Coal Substitute….But With Lower Emissions
Customer Spec’d To 12,000+ BTU
Homogeneous Feedstock
“Complete” Burn

15. High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW – Objectives All Achieved
High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
Low Emissions – How Achieved…..
Processes Which Result In A Highly Refined & Reformulated MSW
Conventional Materials Separation (~RDF)
Advanced Materials Separation
Dramatically Reduced & Consistent Moisture Content
Introduction Of Low Emission Waste Stream Additives
120,000 +/- Tons For A 600,000 MSW Plant

16. High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW – Objectives All Achieved
High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
Low Emissions – How Achieved…..
Conventional Materials Separation (~RDF)
Metals (ferrous & non-ferrous)
Non-combustibles

17. High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW – Objectives All Achieved
High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
Low Emissions – How Achieved…..
Advanced Materials Separation
Remove Unacceptable Plastics Which Spike Emissions
Utilize Optical Sensors
Currently Can Identify 128 Grades Of Plastics
Remove “Fines” From Improperly Disposed Electronic Equipment & Batteries (transition (“heavy”) metals)
= Lower Emissions

18. High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW – Objectives All Achieved
High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
Low Emissions – How Achieved…..
Dramatically Reduced & Consistent Moisture Content
High Moisture Content Requires More Fuel Combustion To Attain Required Energy Output = Higher Emissions
Inconsistent Moisture Content Results In Incomplete Burn; Incomplete Burn = Higher Emissions
Processed Metro MSW Moisture Content Ranges From <5% To 40%+
ESF Spec’d At A Constant 8% = Lower Emissions

19. High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW – Objectives All Achieved
High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
Low Emissions – How Achieved…..
Introduction Of Low Emission Waste Stream Additives
Utilization Of Select Plastics Ensures
High BTU Fuel
Homogeneous Fuel
Low Emissions Fuel
Contracted Separately From MSW Stream
Generally Would End Up In Landfills

20. High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW – Objectives All Achieved
High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
Low Emissions
Emissions Certifications In Progress
Cement Kilns
Green Houses
Results Showing Dramatically Reduced SOX, NOX & CO2
Low To Substantially No Sulfur
NOX Lower Than Coal Mixture
CO2 Lower Than Coal Mixture

21. High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW – Objectives All Achieved
High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
Low Emissions
Have Conducted In Depth Analysis For Three States “Of Interest” Having Strict Standards
Exceed State Requirements

22. High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW – Objectives All Achieved
High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
Low Emissions
Exceed Requirements Of Customer Coal Mixture
Of Particular Interest
Sulfur
Mercury
Lead
Chromium

23. High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW – Objectives All Achieved
High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
Low Emissions – Chemical Analysis - Elements Measured
Antimony Chromium Silver
Arsenic Lead Thallium
Barium Mercury Vanadium
Beryllium Nickel Zinc
Cadmium Selenium Sulfur

24. The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW – Objectives All Achieved
Multiple End-Users
Coal Fired Combustors
Primary Target
Deemed To Be The Highest Emitter Of Greenhouse Gases
Gasification Projects
Near Perfect Homogeneous Feedstock

25. The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW – Objectives All Achieved
Multiple End-Users
Potentially Any Coal Fired Combustor
Cement Kilns – ESF In Use
Power Plants
Green Houses – ESF In Use
Ethanol Plants
Pulverized – ESF In Use
Chunk / Briquette – ESF In Use
Low To Substantially No Chlorine (covalent compound)

26. Stable, Consistent, Transportable Fuel Properties
The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW – Objectives All Achieved
Stable, Consistent, Transportable Fuel Properties
Stable
Shelf Life Of Months / Years
Virtually No Odor
Consistent
Spec’d To Customer Requirements
Reliable Supply – Inventory Reserves Addresses MSW Supply Volatility
Transportable
Trade Region Similar To Coal
Piggyback Coal Transportation Infrastructure

27. The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW – Objectives All Achieved
Value Add Product
500,000 Ton MSW ESF Facility
~5 MW Power Input Translates Into MW Power Output
Homogeneous With Coal But With Dramatically Lower Emissions
Value To End User? Self-Explanatory…..

28. Environmentally Friendly Operations
The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW – Objectives All Achieved
Environmentally Friendly Operations
Operations Are Common To Transfer & Recycling Facilities
Essentially A Transfer Station
Mated To A Sorting & Recycling Plant
Zero Processing Emissions
Power Source Solely Electricity
No Thermal Processing
No Ground Contamination Risk
Not A User Of Water, But A Net Generator Of Water

29. Environmentally Friendly Operations
The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW – Objectives All Achieved
Environmentally Friendly Operations
Operations Are Common To Transfer & Recycling Facilities
All Commodities Are Transported Off Site
ESF
Recyclables
Reusable's

30. The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) “Target Zero”
Zero Processed MSW To Landfill
ESF
Metals Recycled
Unacceptable Plastics Recycled
Non-Combustibles For Concrete Products

31. The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW
Goal – Achieved…..
Identify A Leading Edge, But Proven Technology
Objectives – All Achieved…..
High Energy Content Fuel With Low Emissions
Multiple End-Users
Stable, Consistent, Transportable Fuel Properties
Value Add Product
Environmentally Friendly Operations
No Bonding, No Subsidies – Stand Alone
“Target Zero” Waste To Landfill

32. The Technology - Engineered Solid Fuel (ESF) Best Use For MSW
Dongara
Kim Erickson, President