1. Good morning! Opener, 8/24/10
1. State what the standard deviation indicates. (1) 2. State the maximum number of ciliates and the month in which the maximum occurs. (1)

3. Biology: Exploring Life
Chapter 1
Biology: Exploring Life

4. A Big-Billed Bird Rebounds!!
A Big-Billed Bird Rebounds!!
Brown pelicans
part of the web of life in their environment

5. The brown pelicans’ proximity to humans
 trouble for the species
Their connection to the environment
Sets stage for the study of biology

6. THE SCOPE OF BIOLOGY
1.1 Life’s levels of organization define the scope of biology
Life’s structural hierarchy
Defines scope of biology, scientific study of life
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Florida coast
Community
All organisms on
the Florida coast
Population
Group of brown
pelicans
Organism
Brown pelican
Organ system
Nervous system
Organ
Brain
Tissue
Nervous tissue
Cell
Nerve cell
Organelle
Nucleus
Molecule
DNA
Atom
Spinal cord
Nerve
Figure 1.1

7. As well as nonliving environmental components
An ecosystem consists of all the organisms living in a par ticular area
As well as nonliving environmental components
All the living organisms in an ecosystem
Make up a community
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Florida coast
Community
All organisms on
the Florida coast
Population
Group of brown
pelicans
Organism
Brown pelican
Organ system
Nervous system
Organ
Brain
Tissue
Nervous tissue
Cell
Nerve cell
Organelle
Nucleus
Molecule
DNA
Atom
Spinal cord
Nerve

8. Consists of a localized group of individuals of a species
A population
Consists of a localized group of individuals of a species
An individual living entity
Is an organism
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Florida coast
Community
All organisms on
the Florida coast
Population
Group of brown
pelicans
Organism
Brown pelican
Organ system
Nervous system
Organ
Brain
Tissue
Nervous tissue
Cell
Nerve cell
Organelle
Nucleus
Molecule
DNA
Atom
Spinal cord
Nerve

9. The hierarchy continues downward with Organ systems Organs Tissues
The hierarchy continues downward with
Organ systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Molecules
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Florida coast
Community
All organisms on
the Florida coast
Population
Group of brown
pelicans
Organism
Brown pelican
Organ system
Nervous system
Organ
Brain
Tissue
Nervous tissue
Cell
Nerve cell
Organelle
Nucleus
Molecule
DNA
Atom
Spinal cord
Nerve

10. To producers to consumers to decomposers and back to the environment
1.2 Living organisms and their environments form interconnecting webs
Ecosystems characterized by cycling of chemical nutrients from atmosphere and soil
To producers to consumers to decomposers and back to the environment

11. Energy flows one-way through an ecosystem
Energy flows one-way through an ecosystem
From the sun to producers to consumers and exits as heat
Sun
Air
CO2 O2
H2O
Chemical
energy
Inflow of
light
Loss
heat
Producers
Cycling
nutrients
Consumers
Decomposers
Soil
Ecosystem
Figure 1.2

12. 1.3 Cells are the structural & functional units of life
A cell
Is the basic unit of life

13. New proper ties emerge
From the complex organization of a system, such as a cell

14. Eukaryotic cells
Contain membrane-enclosed organelles, including a DNA-containing nucleus
Prokaryotic cells
Lack such organelles
Nucleus
(contains DNA)
cell
DNA
(no nucleus)
Organelles
25,000 
Figure 1.3

15. EVOLUTION, UNITY, AND DIVERSITY
1.4 The unity of life:
All forms of life have common features
DNA is genetic information
For constructing molecules that make up cells and organisms

16. Each species’ genetic instructions
Are coded in sequences of 4 building blocks making up DNA’s 2 helically-coiled chains
Figure 1.4A

17. All organisms share a common set of 6 features Ordered structures
All organisms share a common set of 6 features
Ordered structures
Regulation of internal conditions
Figure 1.4B
Figure 1.4C

18. Growth and development Energy use Response to environmental stimuli
Growth and development
Energy use
Response to environmental stimuli
Ability to reproduce and evolve
Figure 1.4D
Figure 1.4E

19. Organisms are grouped (classified) Prokaryotic domains
1.5 The diversity of life can be arranged into 3 domains
Organisms are grouped (classified)
Prokaryotic domains
Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotic domain
Eukarya

20. Domains Bacteria and Archaea
Domains Bacteria and Archaea
SEM 3,250
Figure 1.5A
SEM 25,000
Figure 1.5B

21. Domain Eukarya includes
275
Protists
(multiple kingdoms)
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom
Plantae
Figure 1.5C

22. 1.6 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
Charles Dar win
Synthesized the theory of evolution by natural selection
Figure 1.6A

23. Natural selection is an editing mechanism
occurs when populations/organisms, having inherited variations,
exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others 1 2 3
Populations with varied inherited traits
Elimination of individuals with certain traits
Reproduction of survivors
Figure 1.6B

24. All organisms have adaptations
That have evolved by means of natural selection
Killer whale
Pangolin
Figure 1.6C

25. Video of Seahorses!

26. 1.7 Scientists use 2 main approaches to learn about nature
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
1.7 Scientists use 2 main approaches to learn about nature
Science
Is a way of knowing
Seeks natural causes for natural phenomena

27. Discovery Science Scientists describe some aspect of the world
use inductive reasoning to draw general conclusions

28. Hypothesis-Based Science
Scientists attempt to explain observations by testing hypotheses

29. 1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose & test hypotheses
1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose & test hypotheses
Hypothesis-based science involves
Obser vations, questions, hypotheses as tentative answers to questions
Deductions leading to predictions, & then tests of predictions to see if a hypothesis is falsifiable

30. A Case Study from Ever yday Life
Deductive reasoning is used in testing hypotheses as follows
If a hypothesis is correct, and we test it, then we can expect a par ticular outcome

31. Figure 1.8A The hypothesis-driven scientific method (layer 1)
Observations
Question
Hypothesis # 1:
Dead batteries
Hypothesis # 2:
Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Replacing bulb
Test prediction
Test falsifies hypothesis
Test does not falsify hypothesis

32. Figure 1.8A The hypothesis-driven scientific method (layer 2)
Observations
Question
Hypothesis # 1:
Dead batteries
Hypothesis # 2:
Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Replacing bulb
Test prediction
Test falsifies hypothesis
Test does not falsify hypothesis

33. Figure 1.8A The hypothesis-driven scientific method (layer 3)
Observations
Question
Hypothesis # 1:
Dead batteries
Hypothesis # 2:
Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Replacing bulb
Test prediction
Test falsifies hypothesis
Test does not falsify hypothesis

34. Percent of total attacks
A Case Study of Hypothesis-Based Science
experiments designed to test hypotheses
The use of control groups and experimental groups
helps to control variables
Percent of total attacks
on artificial snakes
100 80 60 40 20
83%
17%
16%
84%
Artificial king snakes
Artificial brown snakes
Coral snakes
absent
present
Figure 1.8B
Figure 1.8C
Figure 1.8D
Figure 1.8E

35. BIOLOGY AND EVERYDAY LIFE CONNECTION
1.8 Biology is connected to our lives in many ways
Environmental problems and solutions
Genetic engineering
Medicine
Figure 1.9

36. technological advances Stem from scientific research
technological advances
Stem from scientific research
science-technology-society relationship
impor tant aspect of any biology course
Online Video Antibiotics & Their Resistance

37. Opener: Thursday, January 21st
What do error bars on graphs show? A. If the data is correct or not. B. How variable the data is. C. Which result is closest to the true result. D. What statistical technique was used to eliminate incorrect results.

38. Quiz tomorrow…
I DID put some chapter 1 (pelican book) questions on it– 9 multiple choice
Also,
3 m choice for stats
8 short answer for stats

39. p. 13-Connecting the Concepts
1.   Biology can be described as having both a vertical scale and a horizontal scale. Explain what that means.
Vertical - refers to hierarchy of biological organization: molecules to organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biosphere. At each level, emergent properties arise from the interaction and organization of component parts.
Horizontal - refers to incredible diversity of living organisms, past and present, including the 1.8 million species that have been named so far that can be grouped into three domains–Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya–and divided among numerous kingdoms.

40. p. 13-Connecting the Concepts
2. Complete the following map organizing some of biology’s major concepts.
life; b. evolution; c. natural selection; d. unity of life;
e. three domains (or numerous kingdoms; 1.8 million species)

41. #15
The graph below shows the results of an experiment in which mice learned to run through a maze.
State the hypothesis and prediction that you think this experiment tested.
Which was the control group and which the experimental? Why was a control group needed?
List some variables that must have been controlled so as not to affect the results.
Do the data support the hypothesis? Explain.

42. #15
Hypothesis: Giving rewards to mice will improve their learning. Prediction: If mice are rewarded with food, they will learn to run a maze faster.
The control group was the mice that were not rewarded. Without them, it would be impossible to know if the mice who were rewarded decreased their time running the maze only because of practice.
Both groups of mice should be about the same age. Both experiments should be run at the same time of day and under the same conditions.
Yes, the data show that the rewarded mice began to run the maze faster by day 3, and improved their performance (ran faster than the control mice) each day thereafter.

43. Get out your IB Journal Notebook—
IB BOOKS
Red Books, Green Books
Get out your IB Journal Notebook—
Example of Format: