1. SOIL 4213 BIOEN 4213 History of Using Indirect Measures for detecting Nutrient Status Oklahoma State University

2. Field Element Size Area which provides the most precise measure of the available nutrient where the level of that nutrient changes with distanceArea which provides the most precise measure of the available nutrient where the level of that nutrient changes with distance

3. FES should theoretically identify 1. The smallest resolution where cause and effect relationships can be identified1. The smallest resolution where cause and effect relationships can be identified 2. The precise resolution where variances between paired samples of the same size (area) become unrelated and where heterogeneity can be recognized2. The precise resolution where variances between paired samples of the same size (area) become unrelated and where heterogeneity can be recognized 3. The resolution where misapplication could pose a risk to the environment3. The resolution where misapplication could pose a risk to the environment 4. The treated resolution where net economic return is achieved.4. The treated resolution where net economic return is achieved. 5. The resolution where differences in yield potential may exist5. The resolution where differences in yield potential may exist FES should theoretically identify 1. The smallest resolution where cause and effect relationships can be identified1. The smallest resolution where cause and effect relationships can be identified 2. The precise resolution where variances between paired samples of the same size (area) become unrelated and where heterogeneity can be recognized2. The precise resolution where variances between paired samples of the same size (area) become unrelated and where heterogeneity can be recognized 3. The resolution where misapplication could pose a risk to the environment3. The resolution where misapplication could pose a risk to the environment 4. The treated resolution where net economic return is achieved.4. The treated resolution where net economic return is achieved. 5. The resolution where differences in yield potential may exist5. The resolution where differences in yield potential may exist

4. ReviewReview Science: 283:310-316 By 2020 global demand for rice, wheat, and maize will increase 40%By 2020 global demand for rice, wheat, and maize will increase 40% People have been predicting yield ceilings for millennia, and they’ve never been right “Matthew Reynolds” CIMMYTPeople have been predicting yield ceilings for millennia, and they’ve never been right “Matthew Reynolds” CIMMYT Supercharging Photosynthesis: Reproduce the C 4 cycle in riceSupercharging Photosynthesis: Reproduce the C 4 cycle in rice Role of Biotechnology in Precision AgricultureRole of Biotechnology in Precision Agriculture Science: 283:310-316 By 2020 global demand for rice, wheat, and maize will increase 40%By 2020 global demand for rice, wheat, and maize will increase 40% People have been predicting yield ceilings for millennia, and they’ve never been right “Matthew Reynolds” CIMMYTPeople have been predicting yield ceilings for millennia, and they’ve never been right “Matthew Reynolds” CIMMYT Supercharging Photosynthesis: Reproduce the C 4 cycle in riceSupercharging Photosynthesis: Reproduce the C 4 cycle in rice Role of Biotechnology in Precision AgricultureRole of Biotechnology in Precision Agriculture

5. Sunlight reaching earth Sunlight reaching earth Chlorophyll b B-Carotene Phycoerythrin Phycocyanin Chlorophyll a 300400500600700800 Wavelength, nm Absorption SPAD 501, 502 (430, 750) SPAD 501, 502 (430, 750) Lehninger, Nelson and Cox Absorption of Visible Light by Photopigments Absorption of Visible Light by Photopigments

6. VISIBLE Color Absorbed VISIBLE Color Transmitted VioletBlueGreenYellowOrange Red Short wavelength High frequency High energy Long wavelength Low frequency Low energy 0.01103804504955705906207501x10 6 1x10 11 wavelength, nm wavelength, nm 0.01103804504955705906207501x10 6 1x10 11 wavelength, nm wavelength, nm Gamma Rays X-RaysX-Rays UltravioletUltravioletInfraredInfrared Microwaves and short radio Radio, FM, TV ElectronicVibrationalRotational transitionstransitionstransitions ElectronicVibrationalRotational transitionstransitionstransitions Yellow-greenYellowVioletBlueGreen-blueBlue-green

7. Short wavelength High energy Long wavelength Low energy 0.0110380450495570590620750 wavelength, nm wavelength, nm 0.0110380450495570590620750 wavelength, nm wavelength, nm X-RaysX-RaysUltravioletUltraviolet InfraredInfrared Chlorophyll b B-Carotene Phycoerythrin Phycocyanin Chlorophyll a

8. Near-Infrared Absorption Major Amino and Methyl Analytical Bands and Peak Positions 7008009001000110012001300140015001600170018001900200021002200 |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Wavelength, nm RNH 2 CH 3

9. Sensor Design Plant and Soil target Micro-Processor, A/D Conversion, and Signal Processing Ultra-Sonic Sensor Photo-Detector Optical Filters Collimation

10. History of Using Indirect Measures for Detecting Nutrient Status NIRS analyzer which is connected to a computer focuses infrared rays on a prepared sample of dried pulverized plant material. The instrument measures protein, fiber and other plant components because each one reflects infrared rays differently.NIRS analyzer which is connected to a computer focuses infrared rays on a prepared sample of dried pulverized plant material. The instrument measures protein, fiber and other plant components because each one reflects infrared rays differently. Samples and standards (previously characterized) and then mathematically comparedSamples and standards (previously characterized) and then mathematically compared NIRS analyzer which is connected to a computer focuses infrared rays on a prepared sample of dried pulverized plant material. The instrument measures protein, fiber and other plant components because each one reflects infrared rays differently.NIRS analyzer which is connected to a computer focuses infrared rays on a prepared sample of dried pulverized plant material. The instrument measures protein, fiber and other plant components because each one reflects infrared rays differently. Samples and standards (previously characterized) and then mathematically comparedSamples and standards (previously characterized) and then mathematically compared

11. History of Using Indirect Measures for Detecting Nutrient Status NIRS (near infrared reflectance spectroscopy)NIRS (near infrared reflectance spectroscopy) Measuring the vibrations caused by the stretching and bending of hydrogen bonds with carbon oxygen and nitrogen.Measuring the vibrations caused by the stretching and bending of hydrogen bonds with carbon oxygen and nitrogen. Each of the major organic components of a forage or other feed has light absorption characteristics.Each of the major organic components of a forage or other feed has light absorption characteristics. These absorption characteristics cause the reflectance that enables us to identify plant compositionThese absorption characteristics cause the reflectance that enables us to identify plant composition NIRS (near infrared reflectance spectroscopy)NIRS (near infrared reflectance spectroscopy) Measuring the vibrations caused by the stretching and bending of hydrogen bonds with carbon oxygen and nitrogen.Measuring the vibrations caused by the stretching and bending of hydrogen bonds with carbon oxygen and nitrogen. Each of the major organic components of a forage or other feed has light absorption characteristics.Each of the major organic components of a forage or other feed has light absorption characteristics. These absorption characteristics cause the reflectance that enables us to identify plant compositionThese absorption characteristics cause the reflectance that enables us to identify plant composition

12. Chlorophyll Meters Minolta: SPAD (soil plant analysis development unit ) 501 & 502Minolta: SPAD (soil plant analysis development unit ) 501 & 502 www.specmeters.com/aneb.htmwww.specmeters.com/aneb.htmwww.specmeters.com/aneb.htm http://agronomy.ucdavis.edu/uccerice/afs/agfs0394.htmhttp://agronomy.ucdavis.edu/uccerice/afs/agfs0394.htmhttp://agronomy.ucdavis.edu/uccerice/afs/agfs0394.htm http://www.store.ripplecreek.com/category- greenformulas.htmlhttp://www.store.ripplecreek.com/category- greenformulas.htmlhttp://www.store.ripplecreek.com/category- greenformulas.htmlhttp://www.store.ripplecreek.com/category- greenformulas.html light absorbance (light attenuation) at 430 (violet) and 750 nm (red/NIR transition)light absorbance (light attenuation) at 430 (violet) and 750 nm (red/NIR transition) no tissue collectionno tissue collection Leaf chlorophyll (SPAD) vs Leaf N concentration and NO 3 -NLeaf chlorophyll (SPAD) vs Leaf N concentration and NO 3 -N Minolta: SPAD (soil plant analysis development unit ) 501 & 502Minolta: SPAD (soil plant analysis development unit ) 501 & 502 www.specmeters.com/aneb.htmwww.specmeters.com/aneb.htmwww.specmeters.com/aneb.htm http://agronomy.ucdavis.edu/uccerice/afs/agfs0394.htmhttp://agronomy.ucdavis.edu/uccerice/afs/agfs0394.htmhttp://agronomy.ucdavis.edu/uccerice/afs/agfs0394.htm http://www.store.ripplecreek.com/category- greenformulas.htmlhttp://www.store.ripplecreek.com/category- greenformulas.htmlhttp://www.store.ripplecreek.com/category- greenformulas.htmlhttp://www.store.ripplecreek.com/category- greenformulas.html light absorbance (light attenuation) at 430 (violet) and 750 nm (red/NIR transition)light absorbance (light attenuation) at 430 (violet) and 750 nm (red/NIR transition) no tissue collectionno tissue collection Leaf chlorophyll (SPAD) vs Leaf N concentration and NO 3 -NLeaf chlorophyll (SPAD) vs Leaf N concentration and NO 3 -N

13. Short wavelength High energy Long wavelength Low energy 0.0110380450495570590620750 wavelength, nm wavelength, nm 0.0110380450495570590620750 wavelength, nm wavelength, nm X-RaysX-RaysUltravioletUltraviolet InfraredInfrared Chlorophyll b B-Carotene Phycoerythrin Phycocyanin Chlorophyll a

14. On-the-go-chemical-analysesOn-the-go-chemical-analyses ‘SoilDoctor’ selective ion electrode mounted on the shank of an anhydrous ammonia applicator‘SoilDoctor’ selective ion electrode mounted on the shank of an anhydrous ammonia applicator Electromagnetic induction (EMI)Electromagnetic induction (EMI) http://oldsci.eiu.edu/physics/DDavis/1160/Ch21Ind/Farady.htmlhttp://oldsci.eiu.edu/physics/DDavis/1160/Ch21Ind/Farady.htmlhttp://oldsci.eiu.edu/physics/DDavis/1160/Ch21Ind/Farady.html VERISVERISVERIS measurements (Missouri)measurements (Missouri) –predicting grain yield –sand deposition –depth to clay pan ‘SoilDoctor’ selective ion electrode mounted on the shank of an anhydrous ammonia applicator‘SoilDoctor’ selective ion electrode mounted on the shank of an anhydrous ammonia applicator Electromagnetic induction (EMI)Electromagnetic induction (EMI) http://oldsci.eiu.edu/physics/DDavis/1160/Ch21Ind/Farady.htmlhttp://oldsci.eiu.edu/physics/DDavis/1160/Ch21Ind/Farady.htmlhttp://oldsci.eiu.edu/physics/DDavis/1160/Ch21Ind/Farady.html VERISVERISVERIS measurements (Missouri)measurements (Missouri) –predicting grain yield –sand deposition –depth to clay pan

15. Use of EM as a data layer to better predict yield potential

17. On-the-go-chemical-analysesOn-the-go-chemical-analyses On-the-go sensors for organic matter and ground slope (Yang, Shropshire, Peterson and Whitcraft)On-the-go sensors for organic matter and ground slope (Yang, Shropshire, Peterson and Whitcraft) Satellite imagesSatellite images Aerial images (NIR sensitive film)Aerial images (NIR sensitive film) On-the-go sensors for organic matter and ground slope (Yang, Shropshire, Peterson and Whitcraft)On-the-go sensors for organic matter and ground slope (Yang, Shropshire, Peterson and Whitcraft) Satellite imagesSatellite images Aerial images (NIR sensitive film)Aerial images (NIR sensitive film)

18. ImplicationsImplications Reports of improved correlation between indirect measures and yield (EMI) versus soil test parametersReports of improved correlation between indirect measures and yield (EMI) versus soil test parameters Soil testing (process of elimination)Soil testing (process of elimination) –no single parameter is expected to be correlated with yield –K vs yield –P vs yield –N vs yield –pH vs yield Reports of improved correlation between indirect measures and yield (EMI) versus soil test parametersReports of improved correlation between indirect measures and yield (EMI) versus soil test parameters Soil testing (process of elimination)Soil testing (process of elimination) –no single parameter is expected to be correlated with yield –K vs yield –P vs yield –N vs yield –pH vs yield

19. Spectral Radiance Radiance: the rate of flow of light energy reflected from a surfaceRadiance: the rate of flow of light energy reflected from a surface Measuring the radiance of light (at several wavelengths) that is reflected from the plant canopyMeasuring the radiance of light (at several wavelengths) that is reflected from the plant canopy Photodiodes detect light intensity (or radiance) of certain wavelengths (interference filters, e.g., red, green, NIR) that are reflected from plants and soil.Photodiodes detect light intensity (or radiance) of certain wavelengths (interference filters, e.g., red, green, NIR) that are reflected from plants and soil. Radiance: the rate of flow of light energy reflected from a surfaceRadiance: the rate of flow of light energy reflected from a surface Measuring the radiance of light (at several wavelengths) that is reflected from the plant canopyMeasuring the radiance of light (at several wavelengths) that is reflected from the plant canopy Photodiodes detect light intensity (or radiance) of certain wavelengths (interference filters, e.g., red, green, NIR) that are reflected from plants and soil.Photodiodes detect light intensity (or radiance) of certain wavelengths (interference filters, e.g., red, green, NIR) that are reflected from plants and soil.

20. 380450495570590620750 wavelength, nm wavelength, nm 380450495570590620750 wavelength, nm wavelength, nm Chlorophyll b B-Carotene Phycoerythrin Phycocyanin Chlorophyll a Photodiode Interference Filter White Light

21. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) = NIR ref – red ref / NIR ref + red ref Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) = NIR ref – red ref / NIR ref + red ref (up – down) excellent predictor of plant N uptake Units: N uptake, kg ha -1 Units: N uptake, kg ha -1