1. Grammar Lesson 41 Vocabulary: All ready- completely prepared Already- before, or by this or that time; previously All right- satisfactory Alright- is not a word Altogether- entirely, wholly, and completely All together- in a group

2. Commas Another form of punctuation that we use to clarify the meaning of a phrase or a sentence Parts of a date: we use commas to separate parts of a date (September 17, 1787) if the complete date appears in the middle of a sentence, we place a comma after the year If the day of the week appears as part of the date, we place a comma after the day

3. Parts of an Address We use commas to separate the parts of an address and names of geographical places or political divisions The parts of a street address are separated by commas according to this pattern: house number and street, city, state and zip code (example: 1744 Gerry Street, Wanamassa, NJ 07712) We also use commas to separate the names of geographical places or political divisions (examples: Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.; Quito, Ecuador) If the city and state or country appear in the middle of the sentence, we place a comma after the state or country

4. Words in a Series We use a comma to separate three or more words or phrases in a series Example: The “cotton” Whigs included Daniel Webster, Rufus Choate, and Robert Winthrop.

5. Grammar Lesson 42 Vocabulary: Root ag- comes from a Latin word meaning “go, drive, lead, or do” Agenda- a list of things that need to be done Agitate- a verb meaning “to stir or excite”

6. Appositives A group of words that immediately follows a noun to “rename” the noun or give more information about the noun (they are underlined below) Examples: Alexander Hamilton, one of the authors of The Federalist, represented New York at the Constitutional Convention. The opportunist Aaron Burr shot and killed his arch enemy Alexander Hamilton in a duel.

7. Improve our Writing Using appositives skillfully can improve our writing. With an appositive we can combine two choppy sentences to make a good one. Example: Robert Yates was a slaveholder. Robert Yates opposed popular government.= Robert Yates, a slaveholder, opposed popular government.

8. Diagramming the Appositive We diagram appositives by placing it in parentheses beside the noun it describes or “renames”. We place modifiers of the appositive directly underneath. Example: William Patterson of New Jersey, the spokesman for the small states, received support from Yates. (see board for how to diagram)