1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (8th Ed)
Chapter 10
Thinking v. Intuition and Language

2. “ A bat and ball cost$1. 10. The bat costs $1 more than the ball
“ A bat and ball cost$1.10. The bat costs $1 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?”
“A man bought a horse for $60 and sold it for $70. Then he bought the same horse back for $80 and again sold it for $90. How much money did he make in the horse business?”
10, 4, 3, 11, 15, …?
YYURYYUBICURYY4ME

3. Question:
“All members of the cabinet are thieves.” No composer is a member of the cabinet. What logical conclusion can you draw?

4. Answer
Some thieves are not composers or said another way, there are thieves who are not composers…

5. Tower of Hanoi
In only 7 moves, move the tower from the left peg to the right peg, moving only 1 disk at a time and never putting a larger disk on a smaller one… Good Luck!

6. Thinking Cognition Cognitive Psychology
mental activity associated with processing, understanding, and communicating information
Cognitive Psychology
the study of these mental activities
concept formation
problem solving
decision making
judgement formation
study of both logical and illogical thinking

7. Thinking Concept Prototype
mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people
Hierarchies example- the address
country, state, city, zip code, street, house or apt. #
Prototype
the best example of a category
matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin.)

8. Thinking
Algorithm
methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
contrasts with the usually speedier – but also more error-prone use of heuristics

9. Thinking
Heuristic
rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
usually speedier than algorithms
more error-prone than algorithms
sometimes we’re unaware of using heuristics

10. S P L O Y O C H Y G Thinking Unscramble Algorithm Heuristic
all 907,208 combinations
Heuristic
throw out all YY combinations
other heuristics?

11. Thinking
Your brother has suffered from chronic depression for several years. Unfortunately, you have been incorrectly informed by your parents that there is a 40% chance you will also suffer from depression. How can your thinking lead you to believe they’re right? Remember, TDA!

12. Thinking Insight Confirmation Bias Fixation
sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
contrasts with strategy-based solutions
OBSTACLES TO PROBLEM SOLVING:
Confirmation Bias
tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions
Fixation
inability to see a problem from a new perspective
impediment to problem solving

13. Thinking- Insight
Wolfgang Kohler’s experiment on insight by a chimpanzee

14. The Matchstick Problem
How would you arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles?

15. The Matchstick Problem
Solution to the matchstick problem

16. The Three-Jugs Problem
Using jugs A, B, and C with the capacities shown, how would you measure out the volumes indicated?

17. The Three-Jugs Problem
Given jugs of these sizes:
Measure out
this much water:
Problem A B C 1 21
127 3
100 2 14 46 5 22 3 18 43 10 5 4 7 42 6 23 5 20 57 4 29 6 23 49 3 20 7 15 39 3 18

18. The Three-Jugs Problem
Solution: a) All seven problems can be solved by the equation shown in (a): B-A-2C= desired volume.
b) But simpler solutions exist for problems 6 and 7, such as A-C for problem 6.

19. Thinking Mental Set tendency to approach a problem in a particular way
especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem

20. Thinking Functional Fixedness
tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
impediment to problem solving

21. The Candle-Mounting Problem
Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board?

22. The Candle-Mounting Problem
Solving this problem requires recognizing that a box need not always serve as a container

23. Heuristics Representativeness Heuristic
rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
may lead one to ignore other relevant information

24. Heuristics Availability Heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
Example: airplane crash

25. Thinking Overconfidence tendency to be more confident than correct
tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgements

26. Thinking Framing the way an issue is posed
how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
Example: What is the best way to market ground beef- As 25% fat or 75% lean?

27. Thinking Belief Bias Belief Perseverance
the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid
Belief Perseverance
clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

28. Artificial Intelligence
designing and programming computer systems
to do intelligent things
to simulate human thought processes
intuitive reasoning
learning
understanding language

29. Artificial Intelligence
includes practical applications
chess playing
industrial robots
expert systems
efforts to model human thinking inspired by our current understanding of how the brain works

30. Artificial Intelligence
Computer Neural Networks
computer circuits that mimic the brain’s interconnected neural cells
performing tasks
learning to recognize visual patterns
learning to recognize smells

31. Language, “The jewel in the crown of cognition.”
our spoken, written, or gestured works and the way we combine them to communicate meaning
Phoneme- Building block 1
in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit, bat- b,a,t

32. Language Morpheme- Building block 2 Grammar- Building block 3
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning
may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
Grammar- Building block 3
a system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others

33. Language Semantics Syntax
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language, ed= past
also, the study of meaning
Syntax
the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language, adjective before noun- white house

34. Language
We are all born to recognize speech sounds from all the world’s languages
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Percentage able
to discriminate
Hindi t’s
Hindi-
speaking
adults
6-8
months
8-10
10-12
English-
Infants from English-speaking homes

35. Language Babbling Stage One-Word Stage beginning at 3 to 4 months
the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
One-Word Stage
from about age 1 to 2
the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words

36. Language Two-Word Stage Telegraphic Speech beginning about age 2
the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements
Telegraphic Speech
early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram – “go car” – using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting “auxiliary” words

37. Language Summary of Language Development Month (approximate) Stage 410 12 24
24+
Babbles many speech sounds.
Babbling reveals households
language.
One-word stage.
Two-word, telegraphic speech.
Language develops rapidly into
Complete sentences.

38. Language
Genes design the mechanisms for a language, and experience fills them as it modifies the brain

39. Language Environment spoken language heard Brain Behavior
Genes
Environment
spoken language
heard
Brain
Mechanisms for
understanding and
producing language
Behavior
Mastery of
native
language
provides
input to
design

40. Language New language learning gets harder with age 100 90 80 70 60 50
Native
3-7
8-10
11-15
17-39
Percentage
correct on
grammar
test
Age at school
New language learning gets harder with age

41. Language Linguistic Determinism/ Relativity
Whorf”s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

42. Language
Direction of
nectar source
The straight-line part of the dance points in the direction of a nectar source, relative to the sun

43. Describe the nature of concepts and the role of prototypes in concept formation.
Discuss how we use trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, and insight to solve problems.
Describe how the confirmation bias and fixation can interfere with effective problem solving.
Explain how the representative and availability heuristics influence our judgments.
Describe the effects that overconfidence and framing can have on our judgments and decisions.
Discuss how our beliefs distort logical reasoning, and describe the belief perseverance phenomenon.

44. Describe artificial intelligence, and contrast the human mind and the computer as information processors.
Describe the effects that overconfidence and framing can have on our judgments and decisions.
Discuss how our beliefs distort logical reasoning, and describe the belief perseverance phenomenon.

45. Describe the structure of language in terms of sound in terms of sounds, meanings, and grammar.
Trace the course of language acquisition from the babbling stage through the two-word stage.
Explain how the nature-nurture debate is illustrated in theories of language development.
Discuss Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesis and the relationship between thought and language.
Describe the research on animal cognition and communication, and discuss the controversy over whether animals can use language.