1. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention2
CHAPTER
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

2. Definition of Health
Health: state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1986)
Updated WHO definition (2008)included characteristics, behaviors, and physical, social, and economic environment

3. Health-Illness Continuum
Care in the acute care settings is usually directed to resolving immediate health problems.
In the community, care focuses on maximizing individual potential for self-care. The client assumes responsibility for health care decisions and care provision, with the client’s ability to function the primary concern.

4. Health Promotion Versus Disease or Injury Prevention?
Health promotion: activities to help individuals change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health (a balance of physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and intellectual health)

5. Health Promotion Versus Disease or Injury Prevention?
Disease prevention: activities undertaken to avoid the occurrence of a disease or injury and minimize the consequences. Intended to prevent future illness.
Health protection: environmental or regulatory measures that confer protection on population groups

6. Community Characteristics
Groups of people
Share common interest
Interact with one another
Function collectively within defined social structure

7. Defining Aspects Social system or institutions Identity Commitment
Common norms and values

8. Defining Aspects Common history or interests Common symbols
Social interactions
Intentional action

9. Population Health
Arose from limitations in individual-oriented care for improving the health of population groups
Defined as highest possible level of health in the population
Distribution of health among members of the population

10. Two Approaches to Population Health
Descriptive approach
Focuses on the health status of a population
Utilizes specific summary indicators of health
Distribution of health indicators in that population

11. Two Approaches to Population Health (continued)
Analytic approach:
Broad factors influencing health
Identifies factors contributing to health indicators
Direct interventions to improve health status

12. Characteristics of Healthy Communities
Ability to foster dialogue among residents
Promote community leadership
Engage in action based on a shared vision
Embrace diversity among residents

13. Characteristics of Healthy Communities (continued)
Assess both needs and assets
Link residents to community resources
Foster a sense of responsibility and cohesion
Change and adapt to changing circumstances
Manage conflict effectively

14. Characteristics of Healthy Communities (continued)
Safe transportation, schools, and neighborhoods
Clean air and environment
Well-equipped parks, open spaces, and organized recreation
High-quality mixed income housing

15. Characteristics of Healthy Communities (continued)
Well-stocked grocery stores with nutritious food offerings
Clean streets that are easy to navigate
Well-kept homes

16. Characteristics of Healthy Communities (continued)
Organized multicultural community programs, social services, neighborhood councils, or other opportunities for participation in community life
Available and accessible primary care
(Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2009)

17. Population Health Trends
Historical
Control of epidemics and communicable diseases:
Sanitation
Quarantine
Mid-1900s
Disease prevention
Immunization
Personal behavior changes

18. Population Health Trends (continued)
Present
Population health
Social justice
Healthy environments
Access to resources needed for health

19. Three Levels of Population Health Care
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention

20. Primary Prevention Promote general optimal health and prevent illness
Actions occur prior to illness or disease
Increase resistance to illness
Decrease or eliminate the causes of health problems
Foster a healthy environment

21. Primary Prevention
Generalized health promotion and specific protection against disease.
It precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to generally healthy individuals or groups.

22. Examples Health education about: Accident and poisoning prevention
Standards of nutrition and of growth and development for each stage of life
Exercise requirement
Stress management
Protection against occupational hazards

23. Examples Cont Immunization Risk assessment for specific disease
Family planning services and marriage counseling
Environmental sanitation and provision of adequate housing, recreation and work conditions

24. Secondary Prevention
Early identification and treatment of existing health problems
Actions take place after problem has occurred
Screening, early diagnosis, and treatment
Develop programs to diagnose and treat at community level

25. Secondary Prevention
Emphasizes early detection of disease, prompt intervention, and health maintenance for individuals experiencing health problems.
It includes prevention of complications and disabilities

26. Examples Screening surveys and procedures of any type.
Encouraging regular medical and dental checkups
Teaching self-examination for breast and testicular cancer
Assessing the growth and development of children

27. Examples Cont
Nursing assessments and care provided in home, hospital, or other agency to prevent complications. for example
Maintaining skin integrity
Turning, positioning, and exercising clients
Ensuring adequate rest, food, and fluid intake
Promoting fecal and urinary elimination
Administering medical therapies such as medications.

28. Tertiary Prevention Return client to highest level of function
Prevent recurring health problems
Prevent further deterioration of health; examples:
Maintenance health programs

29. Tertiary Prevention
begins after an illness, when a defect or disability is fixed, stabilized, or irreversible.
Its focus is to help rehabilitate individuals and restore them to an optimum level of functioning within the constraints of the disability.

30. Examples Referring a client who has had a colostomy to a support group
Teaching a client who has diabetes to identify and prevent complications, or insulin administration at home.
Referring a client with a spinal cord injury to a rehabilitation center to receive training that will maximize use of remaining abilities.

31. Resources
Population Reference Bureau This database contains data on 136 population, health, and environment variables for more than 220 countries, 28 world regions and sub-regions, and the world as a whole.
U.S. Agency for International Development's Global Health Website USAID programs in global health represent the commitment and determination of the US government to prevent suffering, save lives, and create a brighter future for families in the developing world.