1. CHEMICAL FORMULA WRITING

2. Chemical Formulas
A statement in chemical symbols that represents the composition of a substance
Ex:
NaOH sodium hydroxide
Li2O lithium oxide

3. What does it tell? The element that makes up the compound
Shows the ratio of atoms in elements that combine to form a compound
Ex:
H2O

4. Empirical Formula
Represents the simplest ratio in which atoms combine to form a compound
EX: CH for the molecular formula C6H6

5. Molecular Formula
Show the numbers and kinds of atoms present in the molecule of a compound
EX: CO2
1 Carbon atom
2 Oxygen atoms

6. Empirical, Molecular or Both
C2H2 Molecular
C6H6 Molecular
H2O Empirical & Molecular

7. Structural Formula

8. Formula Units
The lowest whole number ratio of ions in an ionic compound. Ionic formula doesn’t represent molecules
NaCl

9. Monatomic Ions Monatomic Ions
9.1
Monatomic Ions
Monatomic Ions
How are the charges of Group A metal and nonmetal ions related to their positions in the periodic table?

10. 9.1
Monatomic Ions
Monatomic ions consist of a single atom with a positive or negative charge resulting from the loss or gain of one or more valence electrons, respectively.
The number of electrons is no longer equal to the number of protons, therefore the atom becomes an ion
Ions are atoms or groups of atoms that have a positive or negative charge

11. Monatomic Ions Cations 9.1
When the metals in Groups 1A, 2A, and 3A lose electrons, they form cations with positive charges equal to their group number.
The names of the cations of the Group 1A, Group 2A, and
Group 3A(13) metals are the same as the name of the metal,
followed by the word ion or cation.

12. 9.1
Monatomic Ions
These elements have ionic charges that can be obtained from their group numbers.
The representative elements shown form positive ions with charges equal to their group numbers. Applying Concepts Are the ions anions or cations?

13. 9.1
Monatomic Ions
Anions
Atoms or groups of atoms with a negative charge
Anion names start with the stem of the element name and end in -ide.
Cl becomes Cl-
Chloride ion

14. Monatomic Ions 9.1 These Group A elements form anions.
Note the positions of the nonmetals and the metalloid, arsenic. These elements form anions. Common transition elements that form more than one ion are also shown. Applying Concepts Do the transition metals form anions or cations?

15. 9.1
Monatomic Ions

16. 9.1
Monatomic Ions
The charges of the cations of many transition metal ions must be determined from the number of electrons lost.

17. 9.1
Monatomic Ions
These colorful solutions contain the transition metal ions Co3+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Ni2+, and Mn2+.
The ions of these transition metals produce an array of colors when dissolved in water. From left to right, the ions are Co3+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Ni2+, and Mn2+.

18. 9.1
Monatomic Ions
Many transition metal compounds are colored and can be used as pigments.
Many transition metals form brightly colored compounds that are used in making artists’ paints.

19. Monatomic Ions The Stock system The classical method 9.1
Two methods are used to name the ions of transition metals.
The Stock system
The classical method

20. 9.1
Monatomic Ions
In the Stock system, a Roman numeral in parentheses is placed after the name of the element to indicate the numerical value of the charge.

21. 9.1
Monatomic Ions
In an older less, useful method, the classical name of the element is used to form the root name for the element.

22. 9.1
Monatomic Ions

23. 1.1

24. 1.1

25. 9.1
Polyatomic Ions
These models show the structures of four common polyatomic ions.
These molecular models show the arrangement of atoms in four common polyatomic ions. Interpreting Diagrams How does the ammonium ion differ from the other three?

26. 9.1
Polyatomic Ions
Some ions, called polyatomic ions, are composed of more than one atom.
The names of most polyatomic anions end
in -ite or -ate.

27. 9.1
Polyatomic Ions
Names and Formulas of Some Common Polyatomic Ions

28. 9.1
Polyatomic Ions
Sodium hydrogen carbonate can relieve an upset stomach.
Hydrogen-containing polyatomic ions are part of many compounds that affect your daily life. a) Sodium hydrogen carbonate, which contains the HCO3- ion, can relieve an upset stomach. b) The presence of dissolved HCO3-, HPO42-, and H2PO4- ions in your blood is critical for your health. c) Crop dusters spread fertilizers containing HPO42- and H2PO4- ions.

29. 9.1
Polyatomic Ions
HCO3–, HPO42–, and H2PO4– ions in your blood are critical for your health.
Hydrogen-containing polyatomic ions are part of many compounds that affect your daily life. a) Sodium hydrogen carbonate, which contains the HCO3- ion, can relieve an upset stomach. b) The presence of dissolved HCO3-, HPO42-, and H2PO4- ions in your blood is critical for your health. c) Crop dusters spread fertilizers containing HPO42- and H2PO4- ions.

30. Polyatomic Ions 9.1 Fertilizers contain HPO42– and H2PO4– ions.
Hydrogen-containing polyatomic ions are part of many compounds that affect your daily life. a) Sodium hydrogen carbonate, which contains the HCO3- ion, can relieve an upset stomach. b) The presence of dissolved HCO3-, HPO42-, and H2PO4- ions in your blood is critical for your health. c) Crop dusters spread fertilizers containing HPO42- and H2PO4- ions.

31. Section Quiz.
1. When metals from groups 1A, 2A, and 3A form cations, the charge on the ion is equal to
8 minus the group number.
the group number minus 8.
the period number.
the group number.

32. 2. Which of the following are positively charged polyatomic ions?
(I) ammonium ion
(II) perchlorate ion
(III) ferric ion
I only
II only
III only
I and III

33. 9.1 Section Quiz
3. If the name of an ion ends in -ite or -ate, the ion is a
a. polyatomic cation.
b. polyatomic anion.
c. transition metal cation.
d. monatomic anion.

34. Binary Ionic Compounds
9.2
Binary Ionic Compounds
Binary Ionic Compounds
How are the names of binary ionic compounds determined?
How do you write the formulas for binary ionic compounds?

35. Binary Ionic Compounds
9.2
Binary Ionic Compounds
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
A binary compound is composed of two elements and can be either ionic or molecular.
To name any binary ionic compound, place the cation name first, followed by the anion name.
Consist of a metal and non-metal

36. Binary Ionic Compounds
9.2
Binary Ionic Compounds
Tin(II) sulfide, or SnF2, is added to toothpastes to prevent cavities.
Tin(II) fluoride and tin(IV) sulfide have different compositions and uses. a) Tin(II) fluoride is added to toothpastes to prevent cavities. b) Tin(IV) sulfide is used in glazes for porcelain fixtures and dishes. Inferring What are the charges on the tin ions in the two compounds?

37. Binary Ionic Compounds
9.2
Binary Ionic Compounds
Tin(IV) sulfide, or SnS2, is used in glazes for porcelain fixtures and dishes.
Tin(II) fluoride and tin(IV) sulfide have different compositions and uses. a) Tin(II) fluoride is added to toothpastes to prevent cavities. b) Tin(IV) sulfide is used in glazes for porcelain fixtures and dishes. Inferring What are the charges on the tin ions in the two compounds?

38. Binary Ionic Compounds
9.2
Binary Ionic Compounds
Hematite, a common ore of iron, contains iron (III) oxide. The balanced formula is Fe2O3.
In the process for making steel, iron is extracted from hematite, an ore containing iron(III) oxide. Applying Concepts What is the formula for iron(III) oxide?

39. Binary Ionic Compounds
9.2
Binary Ionic Compounds
Writing Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds
Write the symbol of the cation and then the anion.
Add whatever subscripts are needed to balance the charges + and – charges must cancel out
Less electronegative element goes first

40. Simulation 9
Simulation 9 Simulate combining ions and deriving the chemical formulas for several ionic compounds.

41. 9.2
Conceptual Problem 9.2

42. 9.2
Conceptual Problem

44. A) NaI
B) SnCl2
C) K2S
D) CaI2

45. Compounds With Polyatomic Ions
9.2
Compounds With Polyatomic Ions
Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
How do you write the formulas and names of compounds containing polyatomic ions?

46. Compounds With Polyatomic Ions
9.2
Compound made up of three elements
Cation (metal) Anion (polyatomic)
Write the symbol for the cation followed by the formula for the polyatomic ion and balance the charges.
The formula for polyatomic ion is placed in parenthesis
The subscript is placed outside the parenthesis

47. Compounds With Polyatomic Ions
9.2
Compounds With Polyatomic Ions
Oysters produce calcium carbonate to form their shells and sometimes pearls.
Some examples of ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions are shown. a) Oysters produce calcium carbonate to form their shells and sometimes pearls. b) Lead(II) sulfate is an important component of an automobile battery. c) Compounds such as ammonium sulfate or ammonium phosphate are common fertilizers.

48. Compounds With Polyatomic Ions
9.2
Compounds With Polyatomic Ions
Lead(II)sulfate is an important component of an automobile battery.
Some examples of ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions are shown. a) Oysters produce calcium carbonate to form their shells and sometimes pearls. b) Lead(II) sulfate is an important component of an automobile battery. c) Compounds such as ammonium sulfate or ammonium phosphate are common fertilizers.

49. 9.3

50. 9.3
Conceptual Problem 9.3

52. Compounds With Polyatomic Ions
9.2
Compounds With Polyatomic Ions
Naming Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
To name a compound containing a polyatomic ion, state the cation first and then the anion, just as you did in naming binary ionic compounds.

53. Compounds With Polyatomic Ions
9.2
Compounds With Polyatomic Ions
Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is used as a disinfectant for swimming pools. The metallic cation in this compound is sodium (Na+) so the polyatomic ion must be ClO–.
Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is often added to the water in swimming pools to prevent bacteria from exceeding safe levels.

54. 9.2 Section Quiz 1. The correct name for CrCl3 is
a. chromium chlorine.
b. chromium(III) chloride.
c. monochromium trichloride.
d. chromium(III) trichloride.

55. 9.2 Section Quiz 2. What is the correct formula for strontium nitride?
a. Sr3N2
b. SrN2
c. Sr2N3
d. Sr3N

56. 9.2 Section Quiz
3. Which one of the following compounds is named correctly?
a. sodium chlorite, NaClO
b. potassium nitrate, KNO2
c. sodium acetate, NaC2H3O2
d. lithium sulfate, Li2SO3

57. Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
9.3
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
Carbon and oxygen combine to form carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), but these two invisible gases are very different.
Carbon monoxide is an invisible, gaseous compound of carbon and oxygen. It is a toxic product of incomplete burning, such as occurs in automobile engines and faulty furnaces.

58. Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
9.3
A prefix in the name of a binary molecular compound tells how many atoms of an element are present in each molecule of the compound.

59. Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
9.3
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
Some guidelines for naming binary molecular compounds:
Two non-metallic elements
Compound is of molecules, not ions
Less electronegative elements go first
Name the elements in the order listed in the formula.
Use prefixes to indicate the number of each kind of atom.

60. Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
9.3
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
Omit the prefix mono- when the formula contains only one atom of the first element in the name.
The suffix of the name of the second element is -ide.

61. Writing Formulas for Binary Molecular Compounds
9.3
Use the prefixes in the name to tell you the subscript of each element in the formula. Then write the correct symbols for the two elements with the appropriate subscripts.

62. Writing Formulas for Binary Molecular Compounds
9.3
Silicon carbide is a hard material like diamond. The name silicon carbide has no prefixes, so the subscripts of silicon and carbon must be one. Thus, the formula for silicon carbide is SiC.
A grinding wheel made of silicon carbide (SiC) can shape even the toughest materials. Inferring What causes the sparks?

63. 9.3 Section Quiz.
1. Which of the following compounds is named INCORRECTLY?
a. CS2, carbon disulfide
b. BCl3, boron trichloride
c. IF7, iodine heptafluoride
d. PCl5, phosphorus hexachloride

64. 9.3 Section Quiz.
2. Which of the following molecular compounds is named INCORRECTLY?
a. SbCl3, antimony trichloride
b. C2O5, dicarbon pentoxide
c. CF4, carbon tetrafluoride
d. H3As, hydrogen arsenide

65. 9.3 Section Quiz.
3. The correct formula for tetraphosphorus trisulfide is
a. P3S4
b. S3P4
c. P4S3
d. S4P3

66. Naming Acids Naming Acids What are the three rules for naming acids?
9.4
Naming Acids
Naming Acids
What are the three rules for naming acids?

67. 9.4
Naming Acids
An acid is a compound that contains one or more hydrogen atoms and produces hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. Acids have various uses.
To create designs such as this on glass, the glass is first coated with wax and the design is drawn through the wax. When the glass is dipped into hydrofluoric acid (HF), the acid etches (eats away) the glass wherever the wax has been removed.

68. 9.4
Naming Acids
Three rules can help you name an acid with the general formula HnX.
When the name of the anion (X) ends in -ide, the acid name begins with the prefix hydro-. The stem of the anion has the suffix -ic and is followed by the word acid.

69. 9.4
Naming Acids
When the anion name ends in -ite, the acid name is the stem of the anion with the suffix -ous, followed by the word acid.

70. 9.4
Naming Acids
When the anion name ends in -ate, the acid name is the stem of the anion with the suffix -ic followed by the word acid.

71. 9.4
Naming Acids
A Summary of the Three Rules for Naming Acids.

72. Writing Formulas for Acids
9.4
Writing Formulas for Acids
Use the rules for writing the names of acids in reverse to write the formulas for acids.
What is the formula for hydrobromic acid?
Following Rule 1, hydrobromic acid (hydro- prefix and -ic suffix) must be a combination of hydrogen ion (H+) and bromide ion (Br–). The formula of hydrobromic acid is HBr.

73. Writing Formulas for Acids
9.4
Writing Formulas for Acids

74. Names and Formulas for Bases
9.4
Names and Formulas for Bases
Names and Formulas for Bases
How are bases named?

75. Names and Formulas for Bases
9.4
Names and Formulas for Bases
Bases are named in the same way as other ionic compounds—the name of the cation is followed by the name of the anion.
For example, aluminum hydroxide consists of the aluminum cation (Al3+) and the hydroxide anion (OH–). The formula for aluminum hydroxide is Al(OH)3.

76. Names and Formulas for Bases
9.4
Names and Formulas for Bases
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a base that is used to make paper.
Sodium hydroxide is an important industrial and consumer product. a) Recycled paper and wood are digested with NaOH to make pulp in the first step in making paper. b) Cleaners containing NaOH cut through heavy grease. c) An important use of sodium hydroxide is in making soap. Inferring Why is the woman in the second photo wearing gloves?

77. Names and Formulas for Bases
9.4
Names and Formulas for Bases
Cleaners and soap contain sodium hydroxide.
Sodium hydroxide is an important industrial and consumer product. a) Recycled paper and wood are digested with NaOH to make pulp in the first step in making paper. b) Cleaners containing NaOH cut through heavy grease. c) An important use of sodium hydroxide is in making soap. Inferring Why is the woman in the second photo wearing gloves?

78. 9.4 Section Quiz 1. The name for H2S(aq) is a. sulfuric acid.
b. hydrosulfuric acid.
c. sulfurous acid.
d. hydrosulfurous acid.

79. 9.4 Section Quiz 2. The chemical formula for chlorous acid is
a. HClO2.
b. HClO3.
c. HClO4.
d. HCl.

80. 9.4 Section Quiz 3. The correct chemical name for NH4OH is
a. nitrogen tetrahydrogen hydroxide.
b. nitrogen pentahydrogen oxide.
c. ammonium oxyhydride.
d. ammonium hydroxide.

81. Naming Chemical Compounds
9.5
Practicing Skills:
Naming Chemical Compounds
How do you use a flowchart to write the name of a chemical compound?

82. Naming Chemical Compounds
9.5
Naming Chemical Compounds
Follow the arrows and answer the questions on the flowchart to write the correct name for a compound.

83. Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds
9.5
Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds
This flowchart will help you name chemical compounds. Begin with the letters Q and R in the general formula Qx Ry. Q and R can be atoms, monatomic ions, or polyatomic ions.

84. Naming Chemical Compounds
9.5
Naming Chemical Compounds
CuSO4 is an example from the flowchart. The compound will end in -ite or -ate. Cu is not part of Group A, so you must name the ions and use a Roman numeral to identify the charge of the transition metal. The name is copper(II) sulfate.
Blue copper(II) sulfate contains water in its crystal structure. When it is heated, it loses water and turns white. When the white solid absorbs water, it turns blue again.

85. Naming Chemical Compounds
9.4
Naming Chemical Compounds
Writing Chemical Formulas
What four guidelines should you follow to write the formula of a chemical compound?

86. : Naming Chemical Compounds
9.5
: Naming Chemical Compounds
In writing a chemical formula from a chemical name, it is helpful to remember the following guidelines.
An -ide ending generally indicates a binary compound.
An -ite or -ate ending means a polyatomic ion that includes oxygen is in the formula.

87. : Naming Chemical Compounds
9.5
: Naming Chemical Compounds
Prefixes in a name generally indicate that the compound is molecular.
A Roman numeral after the name of a cation shows the ionic charge of the cation.

88. Naming Chemical Compounds
9.5
Naming Chemical Compounds
This flowchart will help you write a chemical formula when given a chemical name. Interpreting Illustrations What are the two types of chemical compounds whose formulas you can write using this flowchart?

89. Name the following Compounds
CaBr2
SnF2
Al2(SO3)3
FeCr2O7

90. Write the formulas for the following Compounds
Copper(II) Nitrate
Magnesium oxide
Sodium Carbonate

91. Determine the # of atoms in the following formulas and the molar mass of each compound
BaSO4
3AlPO4
Al2O3