1. Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment EMERGENCY MEDICINE

2. Morbidity and Mortality >107,000 alcohol related deaths each year >107,000 alcohol related deaths each year 1/3 of adult hospital admissions are alcohol related 1/3 of adult hospital admissions are alcohol related Attributable risk factor for multiple illnesses Attributable risk factor for multiple illnesses Major risk factor for all categories of injury Major risk factor for all categories of injury Problem drinkers have 2x injury events/yr and 4x as many hospitalizations for injury Problem drinkers have 2x injury events/yr and 4x as many hospitalizations for injury A single alcohol-related visit predicts continued problem drinking A single alcohol-related visit predicts continued problem drinking Social and family issues Social and family issues

3. Alcohol Related Injuries 150,000 injury deaths in U.S. each year 150,000 injury deaths in U.S. each year several hundred thousand disabling injuries per year several hundred thousand disabling injuries per year 15-34 years olds at highest risk 15-34 years olds at highest risk alcohol use involved in large proportion of deaths and injuries alcohol use involved in large proportion of deaths and injuries

4. Alcohol Related Costs Medical treatment, insurance, unemployment, lack of productivity Medical treatment, insurance, unemployment, lack of productivity Families with an alcoholic member have twice the average monthly health care bill than other families Families with an alcoholic member have twice the average monthly health care bill than other families

5. Alcohol Related Casualties Under reported on death certificates Under reported on death certificates Under reported on hospital discharge Under reported on hospital discharge Selection and recording bias Selection and recording bias

8. Alcohol-Related Fatalities in MVCs Source: FARS

9. BAC Levels for Alcohol Positive Drivers Involved in Alcohol-Related Fatal Crashes Source: 2002 ARF FARS.16 = Median and Mode BAC

10. Drinking Patterns in the U. S. Dependent 5% At Risk or Problem 20% Source: National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey, 1992 Low Risk 35% Abstain 40%

11. Prevention and Intervention ABSTAINERS & MILD DRINKERS (70%) MODERATE (20%) at risk drinkers SEVERE (10%) Primary Prevention Brief Intervention Specialized Treatment

12. Alcohol Terminology Hazardous drinking - at-risk drinking Hazardous drinking - at-risk drinking NIAAA definition NIAAA definition Harmful drinking Harmful drinking Health consequences Health consequences Binge drinking Binge drinking 5 or more drinks per drinking episode 5 or more drinks per drinking episode

13. Alcohol Terminology Dependence - cluster of symptoms including impaired control over intake, withdrawal symptoms, tolerance, drinking despite problems Dependence - cluster of symptoms including impaired control over intake, withdrawal symptoms, tolerance, drinking despite problems Abuse - repetitive patterns of drinking in harmful situations with adverse consequences, including impaired ability to fulfill responsibilities or negative effects on social/interpersonal functioning and health Abuse - repetitive patterns of drinking in harmful situations with adverse consequences, including impaired ability to fulfill responsibilities or negative effects on social/interpersonal functioning and health

14. Issues related to lack of exploration of alcohol use Lack of understanding of problem Lack of understanding of problem Failure to acknowledge responsibility for identification/intervention Failure to acknowledge responsibility for identification/intervention Biases - personal/professional Biases - personal/professional Feeling that nothing can be done Feeling that nothing can be done Not knowing what can be done Not knowing what can be done Outside of what is thought to be the traditional realm of medical care providers Outside of what is thought to be the traditional realm of medical care providers

15. Issues Related to ED Provider Screening for Alcohol Use Alcohol screening not traditionally part of physician job Alcohol screening not traditionally part of physician job Not comfortable with alcohol related issues Not comfortable with alcohol related issues Don’t know how to intervene Don’t know how to intervene Frustration over prior experiences with patients who abuse alcohol Frustration over prior experiences with patients who abuse alcohol

16. Alcohol Use as Part of the Medical History Alcohol use Alcohol use Quantity Quantity Frequency Frequency Type of alcohol used Type of alcohol used Problems related to alcohol use Problems related to alcohol use

17. Alcohol Screening - Issues Not seen as responsibility of physician in ED Not seen as responsibility of physician in ED Included as part of “social” history Included as part of “social” history Providers not educated concerning importance of alcohol screening as routine practice Providers not educated concerning importance of alcohol screening as routine practice Providers not educated concerning how to ask the questions Providers not educated concerning how to ask the questions

18. Alcohol Interventions Brief intervention Brief intervention Further evaluation and more extensive intervention for person with more significant problem Further evaluation and more extensive intervention for person with more significant problem Provider intervention may be more effective Provider intervention may be more effective

19. Social Morays

20. A Standard Drink A standard drink is 12 grams of pure alcohol or: One 12-ounce bottle of beer or wine cooler One 12-ounce bottle of beer or wine cooler One 5-ounce glass of wine One 5-ounce glass of wine 1.5 ounces of distilled spirits 1.5 ounces of distilled spirits

21. Screen Positive Drinks per week Drinks per occasion Men > 14 > 4 > 4 Women > 7 > 3 All Age >65 > 7 > 1

22. Drinking Patterns: Rates and Risks Binge Drinking The National Advisory Council on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism has recommended the following definition of “Binge Drinking”: A “binge” is a pattern of drinking alcohol that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 gm% or above. For the typical adult, this pattern corresponds to consuming 5 or more drinks (male) or 4 or more drinks (female) in about 2 hours. A “binge” is a pattern of drinking alcohol that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 gm% or above. For the typical adult, this pattern corresponds to consuming 5 or more drinks (male) or 4 or more drinks (female) in about 2 hours. Binge drinking is clearly dangerous for the drinker and for society Binge drinking is clearly dangerous for the drinker and for society

23. Brief Intervention Short counseling sessions (5-45 minutes) Short counseling sessions (5-45 minutes) Single or repeated sessions Single or repeated sessions Performed by non-addiction specialists Performed by non-addiction specialists Contain advice and/or motivational enhancement Contain advice and/or motivational enhancement

24. Brief Intervention At risk/problem drinkers At risk/problem drinkers Advise to cut down Advise to cut down Set goals Set goals Provide Primary Care follow-up Provide Primary Care follow-up Dependence Dependence Advise to abstain Advise to abstain Refer to treatment Refer to treatment

25. ABSTAIN ABSTAIN pregnant or considering pregnant or considering medication that interacts medication that interacts dependence dependence failed attempts to cut down failed attempts to cut down contraindicated medical condition contraindicated medical condition CUT DOWN CUT DOWN drinking above low risk amounts drinking above low risk amounts no dependence no dependence no problems no problems Advise: What?

26. Stages of Change Model Pre-Contemplation Contemplation Maintenance Action Preparation Prochaska & DiClemente, 1986

27. General Principles for Negotiating Behavior Change Respect for autonomy of patients and their choices Respect for autonomy of patients and their choices Readiness to change must be taken into account Readiness to change must be taken into account Ambivalence is common Ambivalence is common Targets selected by the patient, not the expert Targets selected by the patient, not the expert Expert is the provider of the information Expert is the provider of the information Patient is the active decision-maker Patient is the active decision-maker Rollnick, 1994