1. Chapter 25 Part 5

2. Russia Crimean War defeat signaled need for modernization Crimean War defeat signaled need for modernization Russia lacked a middle class so no liberalism: economically, politically, socially Russia lacked a middle class so no liberalism: economically, politically, socially But nobles not interested in modernization But nobles not interested in modernization

3. Alexander II 1855-81 Understood that serfdom was keeping Russia back Understood that serfdom was keeping Russia back 90% worked in agriculture 90% worked in agriculture Serfdom led to peasant uprisings, poor agricultural output, exploitation of serfs by lords Serfdom led to peasant uprisings, poor agricultural output, exploitation of serfs by lords Serfs could be conscripted for 25 years Serfs could be conscripted for 25 years Could be bought or sold with or without land Could be bought or sold with or without land

4. The Emancipation Act 1861 Abolished serfdom Abolished serfdom Peasants were free to move about, engage in other occupations, enter contracts, own property Peasants were free to move about, engage in other occupations, enter contracts, own property

5. But most Russians lived in Mirs Highly regulated communes Highly regulated communes Collective ownership of land Collective ownership of land Hard to leave village or make improvements Hard to leave village or make improvements

6. Zemstvos 1864: assemblies that administered local areas 1864: assemblies that administered local areas Attempt at popular participation Attempt at popular participation BUT nobles ended up controlling them BUT nobles ended up controlling them

7. Reforms Relaxed censorship Relaxed censorship Liberalized education Liberalized education Some Judiciary improvement Some Judiciary improvement

8. Industrialization in Russia Was stimulated by Railroad construction Was stimulated by Railroad construction Between 1860-80 RR mileage grew from 1,250 to 15,500 Between 1860-80 RR mileage grew from 1,250 to 15,500 Could export grain, supply and move troops, etc Could export grain, supply and move troops, etc Stimulated manufacturing, modern factory workers, suburbs Stimulated manufacturing, modern factory workers, suburbs

9. Critics Radical populist movements sought a utopian agrarian order: Radical populist movements sought a utopian agrarian order: Intelligensia: hostile group of intellectuals who believed that they should take over society Intelligensia: hostile group of intellectuals who believed that they should take over society Nihilists: intellectuals who believed in nothing but science. Wanted to wie out the social order and start from scratch Nihilists: intellectuals who believed in nothing but science. Wanted to wie out the social order and start from scratch

10. Alexander II Became more conservative later in his reign Became more conservative later in his reign Was assassinated in 1881 by radicals who bombed his carriage in St. Petersburg Was assassinated in 1881 by radicals who bombed his carriage in St. Petersburg

11. Count S. Y. Witte Oversaw Russian industrialism in 1890’s Oversaw Russian industrialism in 1890’s Courted Western investors, technology Courted Western investors, technology Small rise in middle class Small rise in middle class Trans-Siberian railroad = 5,999 miles Trans-Siberian railroad = 5,999 miles Went on the gold standard to strengthen government finances Went on the gold standard to strengthen government finances By 1900 great gains in petroleum export and steel production By 1900 great gains in petroleum export and steel production

12. Industrial Workers Exploited Caused spread of Marxist thought and revolutionary movements…(timing is everything) Caused spread of Marxist thought and revolutionary movements…(timing is everything)

13. Economic Problems 1/3 of farmland still not used 1/3 of farmland still not used Food production could not keep up with population Food production could not keep up with population By late 19 th century Russia the most populous nation in Europe By late 19 th century Russia the most populous nation in Europe Depression in 1899 wiped out earlier economic gains Depression in 1899 wiped out earlier economic gains Above caused massive unemployment Above caused massive unemployment

14. Alexander III 18881-94 The most reactionary of the 19 th century czars The most reactionary of the 19 th century czars Encouraged anti-Semitism through pogroms (severe persecution of Jews) Encouraged anti-Semitism through pogroms (severe persecution of Jews) Many emigrated Many emigrated

15. Zionism Introduced by Theodore Hertzel Introduced by Theodore Hertzel The movement for a Jewish homeland in the holy land The movement for a Jewish homeland in the holy land

16. Nicholas II 1894-1917 Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 Background: Both Russia and Japan increased their spheres of influence in Manchuria and both had their eyes on Korea Background: Both Russia and Japan increased their spheres of influence in Manchuria and both had their eyes on Korea 1905: Japan defeated the entire Russian Fleet 1905: Japan defeated the entire Russian Fleet Russia humiliated Russia humiliated

17. Treaty of Portsmouth Teddy Roosevelt Teddy Roosevelt Japan gained sphere of influence in Manchuria Japan gained sphere of influence in Manchuria Korea Korea ½ of Sakhalin Island ½ of Sakhalin Island Russia decided to concentrate on the Balkans Russia decided to concentrate on the Balkans

18. Revolution of 1905 Bloody Sunday: 200,000 peasants and workers marched peacefully to the winter palace asking for reforms Bloody Sunday: 200,000 peasants and workers marched peacefully to the winter palace asking for reforms Czar was not there but the army fired upon the crowd killing many Czar was not there but the army fired upon the crowd killing many Caused a general strike (peasants, workers, army staged revolts and mutinies Caused a general strike (peasants, workers, army staged revolts and mutinies

19. Russia was paralyzed Forced Nicholas II to make concessions: Forced Nicholas II to make concessions: Agreed to freedom of speech, assembly, press Agreed to freedom of speech, assembly, press Agreed to a Duma: advisory board. Czar retained absolute veto and Duma members were divided so no real power Agreed to a Duma: advisory board. Czar retained absolute veto and Duma members were divided so no real power

20. 1907-14 mild economic recovery Peter Stolypin: worked for agrarian reform: Peter Stolypin: worked for agrarian reform: Encouraged enterprising peasants: the Kulaks Encouraged enterprising peasants: the Kulaks Tried to break up collective ownership of land Tried to break up collective ownership of land Was assassinated by conspiracy of nobles Was assassinated by conspiracy of nobles

21. Rasputin Increasingly dominated Russian court after 1911 Increasingly dominated Russian court after 1911 Not popular with masses or with nobles Not popular with masses or with nobles Russia’s poor showing in WWI led directly to Russian Revolution Russia’s poor showing in WWI led directly to Russian Revolution