1. Chapter 22: The Age of Nation-States

2.  1853-1856  Russia vs. the Ottoman Empire  France and Britain side with the Ottoman Empire in 1854  Russia loses, forced to give up territories and claims in the Treaty of Paris (1856)

3.  First “Modern War”? (First covered by war correspondents and photographers)  Russia no longer seemed “invincible”  Period of European instability in the late 19 th century  Reforms of the Ottoman Empire  Religious “equity”  Western influence

4. Europe in 1850

5.  Giuseppe Mazzini—leader of Italian nationalists after 1848  Mazzini and Garibaldi continued to fight guerrilla wars for the Republican cause through the 1850’s  Moderate Italian nationalists  Wanted independence from Austria  Did not want a republic

6.  Camillo Cavour—politician responsible for making Italy an independent constitutional monarchy (using Machiavelli’s virtù)

7.  March 1861—Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of Italy  New Italy government was corrupt (ruled by bribery and political “favors”)

8.  Germany in the 1850’s—a loose German Confederation of 39 states who met occasionally as a “diet” in Frankfurt

9.  1861—William I becomes king of Prussia  1862—William I appoints Otto von Bismark Prime Minister

10.  The Danish War (1864)—Prussia/Austria’s defeat of Denmark increased Bismark’s popularity.  Bismark supported unification of Germany.  Austro-Prussian War (1866)—eliminates Austria from the German states, leaving only Prussia  1867—Bismark becomes Chancellor of the North German Confederation

11.  Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)—completes German unification.  The new German state, created in 1871, was much more powerful than Prussia had been alone.  William I becomes Emperor of Germany  Bismark becomes Chancellor, will serve until 1890