1. Chapter 8: Life’s structure and Classification
Living Things

2. What are living things like?
Organism: Any living thing
Can vary in size (bacteria---gigantic oak tree----humans)
Have different behaviors and food requirements

3. Similarities between all living things
They are organized
All organisms are made up of cells (the smallest unit of an organism that carries on the function of life)
They grow and develop
Infant—adult
Organisms change as they grow (development)
They respond
Living things must interact with their environment
Stimulus: Anything that causes some change in an organism.
Response: the reaction to a stimulus-Results in movement

4. Similarities between all living things (continued..)
They maintain homeostasis
Ability of an organism to maintain proper internal conditions despite changes in the environment.
They use energy
All organisms require energy for everyday life functions (staying organized, carrying on activities-finding/making food)
They reproduce
Making their own kind
Living things need to replace those individuals that die

5. What do living things need?
A place to live
Suited to their unique needs (temperature, sunlight, space etc..)
Water
Important functions: transporting materials within a cell and between cells.
We are made up of 60-70% of water!
Food sources
Take in substances (protein, fats, sugars) from other animals
Plants and some bacteria make their own food

6. What are the functions of each part of a cell?
Cell Structure
What are cells?
What are the functions of each part of a cell?
- What is the difference between unicellular and multi-cellular organisms?

7. A little history
1600’s : Leeuwenhoek made a simple microscopeled to types of microscopes we use today
Discovered cells under microscope
Robert Hooke looked at a cork and saw many empty little boxes—named them cells
1800’s: Schleiden(plant cell) and Schwann (animal cell): all living things are made up of cells
Virchow: main contributor to the cell theory

8. The Cell Theory All organisms are made up of one or more cell
The cell is the basic unit of organization in organisms
Basic unit of structure and function
All cells come from cells
Divide to form new, identical cells

9. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic: only found in ONE-celled organisms
Cells without membrane-bound structures
Ex: Bacteria
Eukaryotic:
More complex internal structure
Cells with membrane bound structures
Ex: protists, fungi, plants and animals

10. Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

11. Cellular organization - Main structures
Organelle: parts of the cell
Just Plant Cell
Both Plant and Animal Cell
Just Animal Cell
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Centrioles
Chloroplasts
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Golgi
Vacuole
Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome
(Lysosome)

12. Cell structure Description/function
Cell Membrane
Protective layer surrounding every cell
Regulates interactions (what goes in and out) between the cell and its environment
Nutrients move in, waste moves out
Cytoplasm
Gelatin like substance which cells are filled with
Where the cells organelles are located
Most of cells life processes occur here
Nucleus
contains a membrane, nucleolus, and hereditary material (DNA)
Control center(all cellular activities are directed here)

13. Eukaryotic Cell Membrane
Image Bank
Eukaryotic Cell Membrane

14. Cell structure Description/function continued
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell-releases energy that is needed by the cell
Golgi bodies
Stacked flattened membranes
Package material for release to the outside of the cell
Vacuole
Membrane-bound spaces
Temporary storage of materials (stores water, waste products, food etc.)

15. Cell structure Description/function continued
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Series of folded membranes
Transport materials inside cell
Ribosomes
Make proteins Proteins: part of cell membranes and needed for chemical reactions that take place in the cytoplasm
Chloroplasts (plant only)
Contains chlorophyll Use light to make sugar-food and energy for plants

16. Cell structure/function
Lysosome
Break down & Recycle!
Contain digestive chemicals that break down food molecules, cell wastes, worn out cell parts and viruses and bacteria that enter cell
When cell dies, release chemicals to breakdown cell contents

17. Animal vs Plant Cell

18. Unicellular vs Multicellular organisms
Unicellular organism:
one celled organism (perform all life functions on their own)
Multicellular organisms:
many celled organisms (cells cannot function alone)
Celltissueorganorgan systemsorganism

19. Image Bank
Many-Celled Organism