2. Warm Up 9/23 & 9/24 1. What is one thing you learned from unit 1? 2.List as many organelles as you can think of. 3.What kinds of organisms are prokaryotic? 1

3. Objectives Understand prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Understand the difference between plant and animal cells Understand the structure and function of different organelles in living cells 2

4. Homework Study for Quiz 1 – cell parts –Be able to label organelles –Match each organelle to its function 3

5. 4 Discovery of the Cell Robert Hooke (1635-1703) – invented the term cell; studied dead plant cells such as cork. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) - 1st to observe living cells.

6. 5 Discovery of the Cell Matthias Schleidan (1804-1881) – concluded that all plants are composed of cells. Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) - concluded all animals were composed of cells. Rudolf Virchow (1821 – 1902) - reasoned that cell come only from other cells.

7. 6 Protocells: One theory of the origins of cells states that the first life on earth consisted of several types of tiny protocells, cell- like organisms. These organisms were able to survive and reproduce in a very limited environment because of their simplicity. Over time, some of these protocells came together and shared their specialization in a symbiotic relationship. These colonies of protocells eventually became the cells we know today.

8. 7 Basic Structure of a Cell

9. 8 Introduction to Cell Theory 1.Cells are the basic units of organisms 2.Cells come only from other cells 3.All living things are made of cells Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant Cell Bacterial Cell

10. 9 Number of Cells Organisms may be: Unicellular – composed of one cell Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize

11. 10  Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles Ex: bacteria  Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals) Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

12. 11 Prokaryotes Nucleoid region contains the DNA Cell membrane & cell wall Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm Evolved 3.5 billion years ago

13. 12 Eukaryotic Cell Contain 3 basic cell structures: Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm with organelles Evolved 1.5 billion years ago

14. 13 Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell

15. 14 Organelles Very small size Can only be observed under a microscope Have specific functions Found throughout cytoplasm

16. 15 Organelles Found in Cells Examples of Organelles include: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (rough & smooth) – canals for movement Golgi Bodies – wrap & export proteins Nucleolus – makes ribosomes Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of wastes Ribosomes – makes proteins

17. 16 Golgi Bodies Stacks of flattened sacsStacks of flattened sacs Have a shipping side & a receiving sideHave a shipping side & a receiving side Receive & modify proteins made by ERReceive & modify proteins made by ER Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the endsTransport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends Transport vesicle

18. 17 Lysosome Contain digestive enzymesContain digestive enzymes Break down food and worn out cell parts for cellsBreak down food and worn out cell parts for cells Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)

19. 18 Nucleolus Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli Inside nucleusInside nucleus Disappears when cell dividesDisappears when cell divides Makes ribosomes that make proteinsMakes ribosomes that make proteins

20. 19 Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell

21. 20 Rod shape Site of Cellular respiration Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion ( mitochondria )

22. 21 Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria Burn sugars to produce energy ATP In Animal Cells: Mitochondria

23. 22 Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells Made of protein and phospholipids “Selectively permeable” Cell (Plasma) membrane Surrounding the Cell

24. 23 Living layer Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell Selectively permeable Cell membrane Cell or Plasma Membrane

25. 24 Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place Cytoplasm Cytoplasm of a Cell

26. 25 Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion Cytoplasm More on Cytoplasm

27. 26 Controls the normal activities of the cell Bounded by a nuclear membrane (envelope) Contains chromosomes Control Organelle Nucleus

28. 27 Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes Genes control cell characteristics Nucleus More on the Nucleus

29. 28 Contain the green pigment chlorophyll Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food) Process called photosynthesis Plant Cell Organelles Chloroplast

30. 29 Dead layer Large empty spaces present between cellulose fibers Freely permeable Cell wall Plant Cell

31. 30 Plant Cell Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers Strong and rigid Found in plant cells Cell wall

32. 31 Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm) Resist entry of excess water into the cell Give shape to the cell Cell wall Plant Cell

33. 32 Have a large central vacuole Contains cell sap Sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments Plant Cell Organelles Vacuole

34. 33 Different kinds of plant cells Onion Epidermal Cells Root Hair Cell root hair Guard Cells

35. 34 mitochondrion nucleus glycogen granule cell membrane cytoplasm Animal cell No cell wall or chloroplast Stores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy vacuole

36. 35 Animal Cell Organelles Near the nucleus Paired structures Help cell divide

37. 36 Different kinds of animal cells white blood cell red blood cell cheek cells sperm nerve cell muscle cell Amoeba Paramecium

38. 37 Similarities between plant cells and animal cells Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Both have a nucleus Both contain mitochondria

39. 38 Differences between plant cells and animal cells Animal cellsPlant cells Relatively smaller in size Irregular shape No cell wall Relatively larger in size Regular shape Cell wall present

40. 39 Animal cellsPlant cells Vacuole small or absent Glycogen as food storage Nucleus at the center Large central vacuole Starch as food storage Nucleus near cell wall Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells

41. Microscope Lab Materials are on the back tables –Back left table – cheek cell and frog blood –Back right table – cork and elodea –Back counter – onion –Overhead screen – bamboo When you are done with a slide –Rinse and dry and place back where you got it –Safety precautions Methyl blue – will stain, we have aprons 40

42. 41 Compound Microscope Instrument for observing small objects Magnify images up to 2000X their size

43. 42 Different parts of a microscope

44. 43 Eyepiece Fine adjustment Arm Stage Condenser control knob Base Body tube Coarse adjustment Iris diaphragm Revolving nosepiece Objective Clip Condenser Mirror

45. 44 Observing an Object: Because the light rays from an object cross before reaching your eye, the image you see through most microscopes will be inverted and upside down. Magnification: the increase of an object's apparent size. Resolution: the power to show details clearly. Resolution allows the viewer to see two objects that are very close together as two objects rather than as one. Resolution is controlled by the quality of the lenses being used - the better the lenses, the better the resolution.

46. 45 Care and handling: A microscope is a delicate piece of equipment and should be treated gently. Always use two hands when moving the microscope. Place one hand around the arm of the microscope and the other under the base for support. Always carry the microscope upright and close to the body when moving any distance. Place the microscope flat on the table, but not too near the edge where it might be knocked off. If it becomes necessary to clean the lenses on the microscope, ask your facilitator for a piece of "lens paper". Other materials, such as paper towel, can scratch the surface of the lens.

47. 46 Preparing Specimens for Viewing: In most instances, light must pass through any object to be viewed with a light microscope. For this reason, the object must be fairly thin. Thick objects must be sliced into thin sections for viewing. Many objects do not have distinct, contrasting colors. This makes it difficult to see details. To improve the viewing of these objects, they are stained. Staining is the use of a biological to make the details visible.

48. 47 Making a Slide: Place a clean slide on the table. For liquid samples, place one or two drops in the center of the slide. For solid samples, place the sample in the center of the slide and add one drop of water or staining solution. Hold the plastic cover slip by the edges. Do not get fingerprints on the cover slip. Set one edge against the slide and lower it until it contacts the liquid. The liquid should spread across the whole area of the cover slip. Never use a slide under the microscope without a cover slip. Its major purpose is to protect the objective lens for the liquid on the slide. Unless otherwise instructed, wipe the sample and cover slip off the slide with a paper towel when finished. Throw the paper towel and its contents away. Return the microscope slide to its container.

49. 48 The cell is the Basic Unit of Life Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms Unicellular organisms are made of one cell only The cells of multicellular organisms are specialized to perform different functions –e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis and root hair cells for water absorption

50. 49 Levels of organization Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions

51. 50 Tissue A group of similar cells to perform a particular function –Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue –Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll

52. 51 Organ Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions –Heart : consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels –Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue

53. 52 Stoma Air Space Spongy Mesophyll Cell Chloroplast The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ) Palisade Mesophyll Cell

54. 53 The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)

55. 54 System Several organs and tissues work together to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way –Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems –Plant : root and shoot systems

56. 55 Human Body Systems Examples of systems :  Digestive System  Respiratory System  Circulatory System  Nervous System  Reproductive System

57. 56 Examples of a Human Body System

58. 57 Examples of a Human Body System

59. 58 Examples of a Human Body System Circulatory System

60. 59 Examples of a Human Body System Nervous System

61. 60 Levels of Organization  CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)  TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)  ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach)  SYSTEMS (circulatory system)  ORGANISM (human)

62. 61 It’s You!