1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 3 Cells and Tissues

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells and Tissues  Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life  Cells are the building blocks of all living things  Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview  Made of 5 Main Elements  Carbon  Hydrogen  Oxygen  Nitrogen  And Phosphorus  Living cells are about 60% Water  Cells are constantly bathed in a saltwater-like solution called INTERSTITIAL FLUID.  All exchanges between CELLS and BLOOD are made through this fluid

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells Vary in Anatomy  STRUCTURE defines FUNCTION  What organelles are present?  How big/small is the cell?  What is the SHAPE of the cell?  Where in the body is the cell located?

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells Vary in Physiology  Ability to move throughout the blood/body?  What products are made by the cell?  Do these products impact other cells?  Is it able to communicate with other cells?

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Cell  Cells are not all the same  All cells share general structures  All cells have three main regions  Nucleus  Cytoplasm  Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus  Control center of the cell  Contains genetic material (DNA)  Three regions  Nuclear envelope (membrane)  Nucleolus  Chromatin

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus Figure 3.1b

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus  Nuclear envelope (membrane)  FUNCTION: Control what enters/exits the nucleus.  CHARACTERISTICS:  Consists of a double phospholipid membrane  Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus  Nucleoli  FUNCTION: Sites of ribosome assembly  CHARACTERISTICS: Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli  Dark-staining round body(s)

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus  Chromatin  FUNCTION: DNA carries instructions for cell structure and function through the production of proteins.  CHARACTERISTICS:  When cell is not dividing DNA is present as chromatin (spaghetti on a plate)  When the cell is dividing (mitosis) DNA condenses to form chromosomes (“X”)

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane  Barrier for cell contents  Double phospholipid layer  Contains  Hydrophilic heads  Hydrophobic tails  Also contains  Proteins that act as channels  Cholesterol that makes cell membrane more rigid  Glycoproteins provides cell surface identity

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Figure 3.2 Membrane Structure PLAY

14. Plasma Membrane Specializations  Microvilli  Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption  Membrane junctions  Tight junctions  Impermeable junctions  Bind cells together into leak-proof sheets  Desmosomes  Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart  Gap junctions  Allow communication between cells

15. Plasma Membrane Specializations Desmosomes (Anchoring Junctions) PLAY Tight Junctions PLAY

16. Cytoplasm  Cytoplasm is the material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane  Contains three major elements  Cytosol  Jelly-like fluid that suspends other elements  Organelles  Metabolic machinery of the cell  “Little organs” that perform functions for the cell  Inclusions  Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles Figure 3.4

18. ORGANELLE GENERAL FUNCTION Mitochondria Contains own circular piece of DNA Produce ATP (energy) from glucose Ribosomes Free in cytoplasm and attached on ER Assemble proteins Endoplasmic reticulum 2 forms, smooth and rough Smooth - transport Rough – transports proteins Golgi ApparatusPackages mainly lipids for transport Lysosomes Double membrane structure for protection Contains digestive enzymes Peroxisomes Specialized lysosomes Contains catalase to breakdown hydrogen peroxide CytoskeletonCell support, structure, and framework CentriolesCreates spindle fibers during mitosis for separation of chromosomes. Specialized StructuresCilia – moves substances over surface of cell (respiratory cells) Flagella – moves the cell itself (sperm)

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Tour of the Cell PLAY