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ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 3 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART A Cells and Tissues
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Cell Cells are not all the same All cells share general structures Cells are organized into three main regions Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Studying Cells The Diversity of Cells in the Human Body Figure 3-1
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus Control center of the cell Contains genetic material (DNA) Three regions Nuclear membrane Nucleolus Chromatin Figure 3.1b
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nuclear Membrane Barrier of nucleus double phospholipid membrane Contain nuclear pores
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleoli Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli Sites of ribosome production
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chromatin Composed of DNA and protein Scattered throughout the nucleus condenses to form chromosomes
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Barrier for cell contents Double phospholipid layer Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails Also contains protein, cholesterol, and glycoproteins MEMBRANE STRUCTURE ANIMATION PRESS TO PLAY
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Figure 3.2
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Cell Membrane The Cell Membrane Figure 3-3
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Specializations Microvilli Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption Figure 3.3
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Specializations Membrane junctions Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions Figure 3.3
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasm Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane Cytosol Fluid that suspends other elements Organelles Metabolic machinery of the cell Inclusions Non-functioning units
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles Figure 3.4
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles Ribosomes Made of protein and RNA Sites of protein synthesis Found at two locations Free in the cytoplasm Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances Two types of ER Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles Golgi apparatus Modifies and packages proteins Produces different types of packages Secretory vesicles Cell membrane components Lysosomes
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ER and Golgi Apparatus TEM Photos
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Golgi Apparatus Figure 3.6
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles Lysosomes Contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials within the cell Peroxisomes Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes Detoxify harmful substances Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles Mitochondria “Powerhouses” of the cell Change shape continuously Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food Provides ATP for cellular energy
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles Cytoskeleton Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm Provides the cell with an internal framework Figure 3.7a
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles Cytoskeleton Three different types Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Figure 3.7b–d
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles Centrioles Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Centriole Structure
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Projections Not found in all cells Used for movement Cilia moves materials across the cell surface Flagellum propels the cell
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8a–b
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8c
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8d–e
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8f–g
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