1. Chapter 3 - Cells and Tissues Cell Anatomy

2. Cells and Tissues
Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life
Cells - the building blocks of all living things
Tissues - groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

3. Anatomy of the Cell
Cells not all the same, but share general structures
3 main regions
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane

4. The Nucleus Control center 3 regions Contains (DNA) Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
Chromatin

5. Nuclear Envelope (Membrane)
Barrier of nucleus
Made of double phospholipid membrane
Pores allow for exchange of material with rest of the cell

6. Nucleolus Nucleus contains 1 or more nucleoli Make ribosomes
Ribosomes migrate to cytoplasm through nuclear pores

7. DNA – Chromatin & Chromosome Forms
Composed of DNA and protein
Chromatin - throughout nucleus in thread form
Chromosomes -condensed DNA forms before cell divides

8. Cytoplasm Material outside nucleus and inside plasma membrane
1. Cytosol
Fluid that suspends other elements
2. Organelles
Machinery of cell
3. Inclusions
Non-functioning units

9. Cytoplasmic Organelles

10. 1. Ribosomes Made of protein and RNA (made in nucleolus)
Sites of protein synthesis
Found at two locations
Free in the cytoplasm and
Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

11. 2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances
Two types
Rough ER
Studded with ribosomes
Makes parts for membranes
Smooth ER
Makes & breaks cholesterol
Fat metabolism
Detoxifies drugs

12. 3. Golgi apparatus Modifies and packages proteins (3 types)
Secretory vesicles
Cell membrane components
Lysosomes

13. 4. Lysosomes 5. Peroxisomes Sacs of enzymes digest nonusable materials
Sacs of oxidase enzymes
Detoxify harmful substances
Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
Replicate by pinching in half
Remember bubbling liver?

14. 6. Mitochondria “Powerhouses” of the cell Change shape continuously
Uses O2 to break down food
Provides ATP for energy

15. 7. Cytoskeleton Protein structures throughout the cytoplasm
Internal framework
Three different types
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

16. 8. Centrioles Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
Make spindle fibers during cell division

17. Plasma Membrane Barrier for cell contents Double phospholipid layer
Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails
Other materials in membrane
Proteins
Cholesterol
Glycoproteins

18. Plasma Membrane Specializations
Microvilli
Finger-like projections
Increase surface area for absorption
Membrane junctions
Tight junctions - impermeable
Desmosomes - anchor
Gap junctions - communicate

19. Cellular Projections Not found in all cells Used for movement
Cilia move materials across the cell surface
Flagellum propels the cell