1. By A. Riasi Ph.D. in Animal physiology and nutrition Advance physiology By A. Riasi Ph.D. in Animal physiology and nutrition Isfahan University of Technology (IUT)

2. فیزیولوژی سلول ( فیزیولوژی غشا و اجزای سلول، فعالیت سلول و کنترل آن ) فیزیولوژی سلول های ماهیچه ای و عصب فیزیولوژی قلب و عروق ( مقدمه، ساختمان قلب و عروق و کنترل عملکرد آن، منحنی ECG) فیزیولوژی قلب و عروق ( کنترل کوتاه مدت، متوسط و دراز مدت قلب ) فيزیولوژی دستگاه تنفس ( ساختمان و کنترل عملکرد آن، تهویه، دیفیوژن، انتقال اکسیژن در ششها و عروق و سلول ) فیزیولوژی کلیه ( نفرون ها، فیلتراسیون و باز جذب ) فيزیولوژی کلیه ( کنترل GFR و مکانیزم دفع ادرار ) فیزیولوژی دستگاه گوارش ( ساختمان دهان، مری، معده، روده کوچک و عملکرد آنها ) فیزیولوژی دستگاه گوارش ( سیری و گرسنگی ) ، یافته های جدید علم دستگاه گوارش. Outlines

3. References  Animal Physiology by: Sherwood et al.  Duck’s Physiology of Domestic Animals by: H. H. Duck’s  Anatomy and Physiology by: A. C. Guyton  The Animal Science Journals

4. Cell structure  Cells have the ability to grow, replicate, perform complex metabolic reaction, and respond to environmental stimuli.  Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic cells  We need to use the Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM) for studying the cell structures.

5. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

6. Cell membrane

7. Cell membrane morphology

9. Cytoplasm & cytosol  Cytoplasm is material between plasma membrane and the nucleus.  Cytoplasmic organelles are metabolic machinery of the cell.  Cytosol occupying about 55% of the total cell volume.

10. Cytoplasm & cytosol  Cytosol is the semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm that surround the organelles.  Cytosol is actually more like a highly organized gelatinous mass with difference in composition and gelatinous consistency between various regions and states of the cells.

11.  Specialized cellular compartments  Membranous  Mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus  Nonmembranous  Cytoskeleton, centrioles, and ribosomes Cytoplasmic organelles

12. Cell’s organelles

13.  Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin  Gene-containing control center of the cell  Dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized Nucleus & Nucleolus

14. Figure 3.28a Nucleus & Nucleolus

15.  Selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores.  Encloses jellylike nucleoplasm, which contains essential solutes.  Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus. Nuclear envelope

16. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

18. Endo-membrane System  Plasma membrane  ER  Nuclear membrane  Golgi apparatus  Vesicles Figure 3.23

19.  Stacked and flattened membranous sacs.  Functions in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins.  Transport vesicles from the ER fuse with the Golgi.  Secretory vesicles leave the Golgi stack and move to designated parts of the cell. Golgi apparatus

20. Role of the Golgi Apparatus (Shipping department) Figure 3.21

21.  Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes.  Digest ingested bacteria, etc.  Degrade nonfunctional organelles. Lysosomes

22. Cytoskeleton  The “skeleton” of the cell  Series of rods running through the cytosol  Consists of  Microtubules – hollow tubes  Microfilaments – thin, solid strands of actin  Intermediate filaments – coiled strands of protein

23. Figure 3.24

25. Centrioles  Small barrel-shaped organelles located in the centrosome near the nucleus  Organize mitotic spindle during mitosis  Form the bases of cilia and flagella

26. Centrioles

27. Cilia  Whiplike, motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces of certain cells  Move substances in one direction across cell surfaces

28. Cilia

30. Mitochondria (Power house)  Double membrane structure with shelflike cristae  Provide most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration  Contain their own DNA and RNA

31. Mitochondria

33. Motor Molecules  Protein complexes that function in motility  Powered by ATP  Attach to receptors on organelles

34. Motor Molecules

35. Figure 3.25b

36. Motor Molecules