1. Characteristics of Biotic Factors Made of cells. Consist of levels of organization (cell, tissue, organ, organ system) Respond and adapt to their environment Grow and develop Reproduce - The production of offspring that are similar to the parents. Use energy. Undergo chemical reactions (metabolism) Movement. Maintain Homeostasis

2. Cell Theory 1.All living things are made up of cells. 2.Basic unit of structure and function of all living things. 3.Cells come from preexisting cells through cell division. cell

3. Cell History Robert Hooke –1 st to study the structure of the cell (cork) in 1665 (English) Anton van Leeuwenhoek – Created simple microscopes & discovered bacteria (Dutch ) Schleiden and Schwann –1830’s plant & animals are made of cells (German ) Francesco Redi - Italian scientist mid- 1600s attempt Louis Pasteur - French mid-1800’s spontaneous generation http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/ebook/products/0-13-036800-8/bkaex020.pdf

4. Cell Structure & Function http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html

5. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell Bacteria

6. Fibroblasts Erythrocytes Epithelial cells (d) Cell that fights disease Nerve cell Fat cell Sperm (a) Cells that connect body parts, form linings, or transport gases (c) Cell that stores nutrients (b) Cells that move organs and body parts (e) Cell that gathers information and control body functions (f) Cell of reproduction Skeletal Muscle cell Smooth muscle cells Macrophage Over 200 different types of human cells

7. Generalized Cell All cells have some common structures and functions Human cells have three basic parts: –Plasma membrane—flexible outer boundary –Cytoplasm—intracellular fluid containing organelles –Nucleus—control center

8. Prokaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells ~ 1/10 the size of eukaryotic cells Large compared to prokaryotic cells Nuclear area not membrane bound called the nucleoid Membrane bound nucleus w/ a nucleolus Single circular DNAMany chromosomes w/ linear DNA No membrane bound organelles MB: Golgi, lysosomes, ER, peroxisomes, mitochondria

9. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Similarities Both have ribosomes and cytoplasm Both require a supply of energy Both have DNA as their genetic material Both are covered by a plasma (cell) membrane Both are made from the same basic chemicals: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, minerals, fats and vitamins. Both regulate the flow of the nutrients and wastes that enter and leave them

10. An organism whose cells lack a true nucleus and Some other cell structures. Prokaryotic Do not have structures surrounded by membranes Few internal structures EX: Bacteria http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html Unicellular = one Celled http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cell_structure/cell_structure.htm

11. Eukaryotic Cell - plant Multicellular = Many cells

12. Eukaryotic Cell - animal Multicellular = Many cells

13. Cell Parts Organelles – Small cell structures

14. Surrounding the Cell

15. Cell Membrane All cells contain a cell membrane Controls movement in and out of the cell Double layer http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

16. Cell Wall a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. The outermost structure of the cell Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria Supports & protects cells http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

17. Inside the Cell

18. Nucleus Directs cell activities Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Contains genetic material - DNA

19. Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

20. Chromosomes In nucleus Made of DNA Contain instructions for traits & characteristics http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html A rod-shaped cellular structure made of condensed chromatin

21. Nucleolus Inside nucleus Create ribosomes Contains RNA to build proteins http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

22. Cytoplasm Gel-like mixture – 80% water Located between the nucleus and cell membrane Many organelles found suspended within the cytoplasm Cyto = cell Plasm = to form or mold

23. Endoplasmic Reticulum Transport system - Moves materials to Golgi Smooth type: lacks ribosomes Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/pev/page3.html

24. Ribosomes Make proteins Each cell contains thousands - found on ER & floating throughout the cytoplasm http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

25. Mitochondria Produces energy through chemical reactions – THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL Controls level of water and other materials in cell Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

26. Golgi Bodies Sorts, modifies, stores, packages & distribute materials Move materials within & out of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

27. Lysosome Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal Contain digestive enzymes – break down old cell parts, cells, bacteria, and viruses Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

28. Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal Contains water solution Help plants maintain shape http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

29. Chloroplast Usually found in plant cells Contains green chlorophyll Where photosynthesis takes place http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cell_structure/cell_structure.htm