1. Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach Brian Kaestner Saint Mary’s Hall Brian Kaestner Saint Mary’s Hall Thanks to Miller and Clements

2. Land Use in the World Tundra and wetlands 9% Desert 20% Cropland 11% Rangeland and pasture 26% Forest32% Urban 2%

3. Land Use in the United States Rangeland and pasture 29% U.S. Land Use Forest30% Parks, wildlife refuge, wilderness 9% Desert, tundra, wetlands 13% Urban 2% Cropland 17% Forest30% U.S. Land Ownership Federal35% Native American 3% State and local 7% Private55%

5. Types of US Public Lands  Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands  Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges  Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System

6. US Public Lands National parks and preservesNational forests National wildlife refuges

7. Moderate mineral deposits Rich mineral deposits Federal land

8. National Forests

9. Moderate mineral deposits Rich mineral deposits Federal land

10. NPS in Texas

11. Managing and Sustaining Forests Ecological Importance of Forests  Food webs and energy flow  Water regulation  Local and regional climate  Numerous habitats and niches  Air purification

12. Managing and Sustaining Forests Economic Importance of Forests  Fuelwood (50% of global forest use)  Industrial timber and lumber  Pulp and paper  Medicines  Mineral extraction and recreation

13. Types of Forests  Old-growth (frontier) forests  Second-growth forests  Tree farms/plantation Virgin forests, 1620 Virgin forests, 1998 Fig. 23.13b, p. 600

14. Logging Roads  Increased erosion and runoff  Habitat fragmentation  Pathways for exotic species  Accessibility to humans Highway Cleared plots for grazing Cleared plots for agriculture Highway Virgin forest

15. Harvesting Trees  Selective cutting  High-grading  Shelterwood cutting  Seed-tree cutting  Clearcutting  Strip cutting Selective CuttingShelterwood Cutting Cut 1 Cut 2 Seed-Tee CuttingClear-Cutting Strip Cutting Uncut Cut Uncut 6–10 years ago 3–5 years ago 1 year ago

16. Clearcutting

17. Clear Cuts

18. Management Strategies Years of growth 30 25 15 10 5 Clear cut Weak trees removed Seedlingsplanted Time Short rotation Wood volume or wood biomass B C A Long rotations Old-growth harvest (such as hardwoods for furniture)

19. Clear cuts over time

20. Selection Cutting

21. Shelterwood Clearing

22. Drought Map

23. Fire  Surface fires  Crown fires Surface fire Crown fire

24. Tree Fire

25. Forest Fire

27. Forest Resources and Management in the United States  Habitat for threatened and endangered species  Water purification services  Recreation  3% of timber harvest  Sustainable yield and multiple use  Substitues for tree products

28. Degradation of Tropical ForestsBromeliad Orchid Roads Logging Cash crops Cattle ranching Tree plantations Flooding from dams Mining Oil drilling Unsustainable peasant farming Primary Causes: Rapid population growth Exploitive government policies Poverty Exports to developed counties Failure to include ecological services in evaluating forest resources Toucan Scarletmacaw Golden lion marmoset Blue morpho butterfly Secondary Causes:

29. Tropical Deforestation  Rapid and increasing  Loss of biodiversity  Cultural extinction  Unsustainable agriculture and ranching  Clearing for cash crop plantations  Commercial logging  Fuelwood

30. Annual Deforestation Rates More than 1% loss 0.5–1% loss 0–0.5 loss Stable or increased forest No data

31. Reducing Tropical Deforestation  Identification of critical ecosystems  Reducing poverty and population growth  Sustainable tropical agriculture  Encourage protection of large tracts  Debt-for-nature swaps  Less destructive harvesting methods

32. MADAGASCAR INDIAN OCEAN Existing rain forest Former rain forest Southern spiny desert Western tropical deciduous forest

33. Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves  Include some moderate disturbance  Sustain natural ecological processes  Protect most important areas  Buffer zones  Wilderness areas

34. Biosphere Reserve Core area Buffer zone 1 Buffer zone 2 Fig. 23.27, p. 620

35. Production forest 1.6 million acres Watershed protection area 540,000 acres Savanna buffer zone 312,000 acres Biological reserve 330,000 acres Bolivia