1. Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 23 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 23 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

2. Key Concepts  Human land use  Types and uses of US public lands  Forests and forest management  Implications of deforestation  Management of parks  Establishment and management of nature preserves  Importance of ecological restoration

3. Land Use in the World Fig. 23-2 p. 595

4. Land Use in the United States Fig. 23-3 p. 595 Rangeland and pasture 29%

5. Types of US Public Lands  Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands –Land uses? Mining, logging, oil/gas drilling, atv, hunting, commercial fishing  Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges – permitted logging and mining, hunting, fishing, camping  Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System – camping, hiking, highly restricted logging/mining, fishing with permits

6. US Public Lands Fig. 23-4 p. 596 Fig. 23-4 p. 596

7. Managing US Public Land  Biodiversity and ecological function  No subsidies or tax breaks for use  Public should get fair compensation  Users held responsible for actions  Takings and property rights

8. Managing and Sustaining Forests Ecological Importance of Forests  Food webs and energy flow  Water regulation- removing trees alters water cycle and soil Water holding capacity  Water regulation- removing trees alters water cycle and soil Water holding capacity  Local and regional climate  Numerous habitats and niches  Air purification

9. Managing and Sustaining Forests Economic Importance of Forests  Fuelwood (50% of global forest use) - Developing countries rural use of fuelwood, urban areas use coal but require wood to create Alternatives are often dung, removes nutrients that would be part of manure, forests are depleted in circle around urban areas.  Fuelwood (50% of global forest use) - Developing countries rural use of fuelwood, urban areas use coal but require wood to create Alternatives are often dung, removes nutrients that would be part of manure, forests are depleted in circle around urban areas.  Industrial timber and lumber  Pulp and paper -3 rd most polluting industry in N. Am. Due to Chlorine bleaches –water, air, soil pollution  Pulp and paper -3 rd most polluting industry in N. Am. Due to Chlorine bleaches –water, air, soil pollution  Medicines  Mineral extraction and recreation

10. Forest Structure Fig. 23-9 p. 601

11. Types of Forests  Old-growth (frontier) forests  Second-growth forests  Tree farms/plantation Fig. 23-18 p. 609

12. Forest Management  Even-aged management  Industrial forestry  Uneven-aged management  Improved diversity  Sustainable production  Multiple-use  Rotation cycle

13. Management Strategies Fig. 23-11 p. 601 Fig. 23-12 p. 602

14. Logging Roads  Increased erosion and runoff  Habitat fragmentation  Pathways for exotic species  Accessibility to humans Fig. 23-13 p. 602

15. Harvesting Trees  Selective cutting  High-grading  Shelterwood cutting  Seed-tree cutting  Clearcutting  Strip cutting Fig. 23-14 p. 603

16. Sustainable Forestry  Longer rotations  Selective or strip cutting  Minimize fragmentation  Improved road building techniques  Certified sustainable grown -ecosystem approach Pg. 606 (See Solutions p. 598)  Certified sustainable grown -ecosystem approach Pg. 606 (See Solutions p. 598)

17. Pathogens Fungal Diseases Insect Pests  Bark beetles  Gypsy moth  Woolly adelgid (hemlock)  Gypsy moth  Woolly adelgid (hemlock)  Chestnut blight  Dutch elm disease  Dogwood Anthracnose  Dutch elm disease  Dogwood Anthracnose

18. Fire  Surface fires  Crown fires Fig. 23-17 p. 607

19. Forest Resources and Management in the United States  Habitat for threatened and endangered species  Water purification services  Recreation  3% of timber harvest  Sustainable yield and multiple use  Substitutes for tree products

20. Tropical Deforestation  Rapid and increasing  Loss of biodiversity  Cultural extinction  Unsustainable agriculture and ranching  Clearing for cash crop plantations  Commercial logging  Fuelwood

21. Degradation of Tropical Forests Fig. 23-22 p. 615

22. Reducing Tropical Deforestation  Identification of critical ecosystems  Reducing poverty and population growth  Sustainable tropical agriculture  Encourage protection of large tracts - government policies  Encourage protection of large tracts - government policies  Debt-for-nature swaps  Less destructive harvesting methods

23. The Fuelwood Crisis  Planting fast-growing fuelwood plants  Burning wood more efficiently  Switching to other fuels = cheap and easy to construct solar ovens  Switching to other fuels = cheap and easy to construct solar ovens Fig. 23-25 p. 618

24. Managing and Sustaining National Parks  Most parks are too small to maintain biodiversity  Invasion by exotic species  Popularity a major problem -since end of WWII  Traffic jams and air pollution  Visitor impact (noise)  Natural regulation  Better pay for park staff

25. Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves  Include some moderate disturbance  Sustain natural ecological processes  Protect most important areas  Buffer zones  Gap analysis  Wilderness areas See Solutions p. 625

26. Ecological Restoration  Ecological restoration  Restoration ecology  Rehabilitation  Replacement  Creating artificial ecosystems  Natural restoration See Individuals Matter p. 630