1. AP Biology Protein Synthesis Part 1

2. . Amino group Carboxyl group  carbon

3. Peptide Bonding

4. George Beadle & Edward Tatum

5. DNA vs. RNA

6. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Transcription & Translation

7. Protein Synthesis

8. 5 Carbon Sugar Important Parts (The open bond at the 3’ carbon.)

9. Marshall Nirenberg

10. Amino Acid codon chart

11. Reading Frames

12. Initiation “Build the factory”

13. Elongation of the mRNA

14. Termination

15. Post Transcription Modification

16. Spliceosomes

17. AP Biology Protein Synthesis Part 2

18. Peptide Bonding

19. 2’ structure

20. 3’ Structure

21. Translation by the Ribosome

22. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

23. Transfer RNA in 3D

24. Amino Acid Codon Chart

25. Anti-codon matches the codon

26. Connecting tRNA with Amino Acid

27. Ribosome Structure

28. Initiation “Build the factory”

29. Elongation of the peptide & Translocation

30. Peptide Bonding Upclose

31. Termination of translation

32. 3’ T A C C A G C C G G T A A T A G G G A C C A T T 5’ DNA TEMPLATE 5’ A U G G U C G G C C A U U A U C C C U G G U A A 3’ mRNA METH VA L GLY HIST TYR PR O TR P __ ___ 3’ U A C C A G C C G G U A A U A G G G A C C A U U 5’ ANTI – CODON Sequence Does the DNA Sequence (Million Dollar Blueprint) look like the Anti-codon Sequence? Remember, this is how the ribosome “knew” the Amino Acid was Correct. PROTEIN

33. Polyribosomes

34. Chaperonin Protein will stay in the cell

35. RER & SRP Protein will leave the cell

36. The BIG Picture

37. AP Biology Protein Synthesis Part 3

38. RNA plays multiple roles in the cell: Type of RNA Functions Messenger RNA (mRNA) Carries information specifying amino acid sequences of proteins from DNA to ribosomes Transfer RNA (tRNA) Serves as adapter molecule in protein synthesis; translates mRNA codons into amino acids Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Plays catalytic (ribozyme) roles and structural roles in ribosomes

39. Type of RNA Functions Primary transcript Serves as a precursor to mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA, before being processed by splicing or cleavage Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) Plays structural and catalytic roles in spliceosomes SRP RNAIs a component of the the signal- recognition particle (SRP)

40. Type of RNA Functions Small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) Aids in processing pre-rRNA transcripts for ribosome subunit formation in the nucleolus Small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) Are involved in regulation of gene expression

41. Transcription & Translation Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

42. Codon Chart, Yet again

43. Point Mutation (A single point is changed)

44. Reading Frame Mutations (Everything behind is changed)

45. Somatic vs. gametes (Who is affected?)

46. AP Biology Eukaryotic Genome Control Mechanisms for Gene expression

47. Chromatin vs. Chromosomes appearance within the cell.

48. Histone Proteins and Supercoiling DNA double helix Histone tails His- tones Linker DNA (“string”) Nucleosome (“bead”) 10 nm 2 nm Histone H1 Nucleosomes (10-nm fiber)

49. Supercoiling of Chromatin

50. Euchromatin vs. Heterochromatin (The dark spots are the hetero)

51. DNA Control stages in Protein Synthesis Signal NUCLEUS DNA RNA Chromatin Gene available for transcription Gene Exon Intro Transcription Primary transcript RNA processing Cap Tail mRNA in nucleus Transport to cytoplasm CYTOPLASM mRNA in cytoplasm Translation Degradation of mRNA Polypeptide Cleavage Chemical modification Transport to cellular destination Degradation of protein Active protein Degraded protein

52. Methylation

53. . Histone tails Amino acids available for chemical modification DNA double helix Histone tails protrude outward from a nucleosome Acetylation of histone tails promotes loose chromatin structure that permits transcription Unacetylated histones Acetylated histones

54. “Build the factory”

55. Enhancers Distal control element Activators Enhancer DNA DNA-bending protein TATA box Promoter Gene General transcription factors Group of mediator proteins RNA polymerase II RNA polymerase II RNA synthesis Transcription Initiation complex

56. Notice the different nucleotide control sequences (red vs, pink) Control elements EnhancerPromoter Albumin gene Crystallin gene Available activators Available activators Albumin gene not expressed Albumin gene expressed Liver cell Lens cell Crystallin gene not expressed Crystallin gene expressed Liver cell nucleus Lens cell nucleus

57. miRNA &siRNA Dicer Hydrogen bond Protein complex miRNA Target mRNA Degradation of mRNA OR Blockage of translation

58. Control of exons

59. How many As on the tail?

60. “Build the factory”

61. Chaperonin Protein will stay in the cell

62. RER Protein will leave the cell

63. Proteosomes Protein to be degraded Ubiquitinated protein Proteasome Protein entering a proteasome Protein fragments (peptides) Proteasome and ubiquitin to be recycled Ubiquitin