1. American Psychological Association (APA) References Style

2. Welcome! Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this Learning Object you will be able to:
Correctly site references according to the APA style.
Identify the different types of electronic references.
Identify the different types of non-electronic references.
Prerequisite Knowledge
You are expected to have had:
Exposure to writing formal papers.
Familiarity with the written English language.
Estimated Time
This lesson will take approximately 30 minutes to complete.

3. Topics
In this Learning Object you will be introduced to proper citation according to the APA method regarding:
Proper formatting of references page
Electronic References/Internet Resources
Non-electonic References

4. Before we get started…
If at any time you would like to review what you have learned, click on the arrows to move back or go forward to the next screen.

5. Let’s begin... Proper formatting of references page
Electronic References/Internet Resources
Non-electronic References
APA Quick Quiz

6. Introduction
The American Psychological Association (APA) has established a style that it uses in all of the books and journals that it publishes.
Many other journals in the social and behavioral sciences have adopted this style as their standard as well, both in the U.S.A. and elsewhere.
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7. Proper Formatting Formatting
Title: Type the word References at the top of a new page, centered.
Spacing: All entries should be double-spaced, unless your assignment instructs you otherwise.
Indention: The typeset version will have hanging indents (first line flush left, following lines five spaces indent).
Capitalization: Capitalize only the first word of titles of books and articles and the first word after a colon.

8. Proper Formatting cont.
Punctuation
Use a comma to separate surnames from initials
a journal title from volume number
a volume number from page numbers
an issue number from page numbers
(Ed.) from book title
city of publication from state

9. Any questions so far?

10. Electronic References/ Internet Resources
Web Sites or web pages
Reference works
Electronic texts (books, journals, poems, etc.)
News articles
Newsgroups and listservs
Web- or -based discussion groups
Web- or -based newsletters
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11. Electronic References/ Internet Resources
Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited; whenever possible, reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages.
Provide Uniform Resource Locator (URL’s) addresses that work.

12. Electronic References/ Internet Resources
At a minimum, a reference of an Internet source should provide a document title or description, a date (either the date of publication or update or the date of retrieval), and an address (in Internet terms, a uniform resource locator, or URL). Whenever possible, identify the authors of a document as well.

13. Electronic References/ Internet Resources Format
Online periodical:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2000). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxxxxx. Retrieved month day, year, from source.
Online document:
Author, A. A. (2000). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from source.

14. Electronic References (Example)
Internet articles based on a print source
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J.    (2001). Role of reference elements    in the selection of resources by    psychology undergraduates [Electronic    version]. Journal of Bibliographic    Research, 5,

15. Electronic References (Example)
Article in an Internet-only journal
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7).    Cultivating positive emotions to optimize    health and well-being. Prevention &    Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved    November 20, 2000, from        volume3/pre a.html

16. Any questions so far?

17. Non-electonic References
General reference works
Books
Magazines and newspapers
Articles in journals
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18. Non-electonic References Format
Proper Format:
Author, A. A., (year). Title of Book. City of publication: name of publisher.

19. Sample Reference List Books
Book with one author
Baxter, C. (1997). Race equality in health care and education. Philadelphia: Balliere Tindall.
Book with more than one author Hamer, D., & Copeland, P. (1998). Living with our genes: Why they matter more than you think. New York: Doubleday.

20. Sample Reference List Magazines
Magazine article
Greenberg, G. (2001, August 13). As good as dead: Is there really such a thing as brain death? New Yorker,
[Note: Use vol. no. if available.]

21. Sample Reference List Newspaper Article
Discontinuous pages
Reichenbach, M. (1988, May 10). Mind and body of a child. Christian Science Monitor, pp. 4, 16.
No author
Understanding early years as a prerequisite to development. (1986, May 4). The Wall Street Journal, p. 8.

22. Sample Reference List Journal Articles
One author
Roy, A. (1982). Suicide in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Child and Family Studies, 141,
Continuous pagination (by volume; two authors)
Adkins, A., & Singh, N. N. (2001). Reading level and readability of patient education materials in mental health. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 10, 1-8.

23. Are you ready to take the APA quick quiz?
What should be capitalized?
What is the rule for spacing on the references page?
What does URL stand for?
What does APA stand for?
What is the basic format for a book?

24. Basic Format Capitalization:
Capitalize only the first word of titles of books and articles and the first word after a colon.
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25. Basic Format
Spacing:
All entries should be double-spaced, unless your assignment instructs you otherwise.
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26. Electronic References
URL = Uniform Resource Locator
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27. Electronic References
APA = American Psychological Association
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28. Non-electonic References
Proper Format:
Author, A. A., (year). Title of Book. City of publication: name of publisher.

29. Congratulations, You did it!

30. In summary…
You have successfully completed the APA references learning object. You are now able to:
Correctly site references according to the APA style.
Correctly identify the different types of electronic references.
Correctly identify the different types of non-electronic references.

31. American Psychological Association (APA) References Style
Resources
Credits
Sangkhom Ratsavong
This learning object was created for course ADLDSP 767: Program Planning & Implementation. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Instructor: Simone Conceicao 2005