1. NS 315: Nutritional Biochemistry Unit 9: Minerals
Jeanette Andrade MS,RD,LDN,CDE
Kaplan University Instructor

2. Objective What are we going to be learning about tonight? A lot
Electrolytes: Sodium, Potassium
Bone Minerals: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium
Antioxidants: Iron, Zinc, Selenium

3. Definitions
Electrolytes: substances that become ions in solution and acquire the capacity to conduct electricity
Cation: positive charged ion
Anion: negative charged ion
Hydroxyapatite: calcium phosphate salt
Antioxidant: Reduces oxidative damage such caused by free radicals
Reactive Oxygen Species: molecules and ions of oxygen that have an unpaired electron
Zinc Finger Motif: sequence of approximately 30 amino acids, forming a helix-turn-helix, believed to form a structure that includes tetrahedrally coordinated zinc (II) ions

4. Sodium Major positive cation in fluid outside of the cells
Regulates total amount of water in the body
Transmission of sodium in and out of cells regulates brain, nervous system and muscles functions
Normal blood sodium level is mEq/L
What can happen if there is too much sodium in the cells or too little?

5. Potassium Major cation found inside cells
The proper amount of potassium is essential for regulation of heart rate and muscle function
Normal lab values are mEq/L
What happens if there is too little potassium or too much potassium in cells?

6. Sodium- Potassium Pump
Not really a cycle, this diagram is depicting active transport of molecules across a
membrane. Active transport is coupled to ATP hydrolysis to obtain enough
energy to transport ions against their concentration gradient.
outside
Plasma membrane
inside
NEED ACTIVE TRANSPORT TO PUMP AGAINST A GRADIENT

7. Bone Minerals: Calcium
Accounts for 1-2% of adult human body weight
Body stores 99% of calcium in bones and teeth
It is needed to contract and expand muscles and blood vessels

8. Bone Minerals: Calcium
RDA: year old males need mg of calcium per day
RDA: year old non-pregnant/lactating females need mg of calcium per day
What foods tend to have calcium in them?

9. Bone Minerals: Calcium
Toxicity
Deficiency
Not from high intake of calcium from foods, but from supplements-
Kidney stones occur from an increased calcium excretion from kidneys
Abnormal parathyroid function and rarely due to low dietary intake since calcium is a large reservoir in bones
Chronic kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, low magnesium in blood
Chronically low dietary calcium intake may prevent peak bone mass

10. Bone Minerals: Phosphorous
Majority of phosphorous is found as phosphate within the body
85% of phosphorous is found within the bone
Major structural component of bone in the form of hydroxyapatite
What else is phosphorus important for within our bodies?
RDA for males and females year old 700 mg/day
What foods contain phosphorous?

11. Bone Minerals: Phosphorus
Toxicity
Deficiency
Calcification of non-skeletal tissues- most commonly the kidneys
Loss of appetite, anemia, muscle weakness, bone pain, rickets, osteomalacia, and can possibly lead to death

12. Bone Minerals: Magnesium
60% is within the skeletal structure, 27% within the muscles, 6-7% within the cells and 1% outside of cells
Magnesium is required for ATP synthesizing protein in the mitochrondrion
What other important processes is Magnesium important for?
What foods contain Magnesium?
RDA for males years old: 420 mg/day
RDA for females years old: 320 mg/day

13. Bone Minerals: Magnesium
Toxicity
Deficiency
Not with foods, but with salts- magnesium salt
Main problem diarrhea
Rare due to kidneys are able to reduce urinary excretion when intake is low
Occur with gastrointestinal disturbances, renal disorders, chronic alcoholism, age

14. Antioxidants: Iron Oxygen transport and storage
Electron transport and energy metabolism
Antioxidant: why?
Catalase and peroxidase are heme containing enzymes that protect cells against an accumulation of harmful hydrogen peroxide (ROS)
White blood cells engulf bacteria and expose them to ROS in order to kill them
We produce or own disinfectant (clorox)

15. Antioxidants: Iron What foods contain Iron?
RDA for males years old: 8 mg/day
RDA for females:
19-49 years old: 18 mg/day
50-70 years old: 8 mg/day

16. Antioxidants: Iron Toxicity Deficiency
Accidental overdose with iron containing products
Genetic disorders usually are the cause
Hereditary Hemochromotosis
Hereditary anemias
Most common deficiency in the world, 3 levels of iron deficiency
Storage iron depletion
Early functional iron deficiency
Iron deficiency anemia

17. Antioxidants: Zinc
Zinc functions in the cell can be divided into 3 categories:
Catalytic: enzymes depend on Zinc for reactions
Structural: for proteins and cell membranes; Zinc finger motif
Regulatory: Zinc finger motif regulates gene expression by acting as transcription factors
Antioxidant: Why?
Some studies suggest that Zinc is a protective factor against atherosclerosis by inhibiting the oxidation of LDL by cells or transition metals (copper, iron)
Protect cells against Tumor Necrosis Factor induced cell injury

18. Antioxidants: Zinc What foods contain Zinc?
RDA for males years old: 11 mg/day
RDA for females years old: 8 mg/day

19. Antioxidants: Zinc Toxicity Deficiency
Occurs from consumption of food or beverages that have been contaminated with zinc released from galvanized containers
Severe: generally from a genetic disorder
Mild: generally children from developing countries, however occurs in pregnant, anorexics, aging individuals, celiac disease and irritable bowel disease

20. Antioxidants: Selenium
Selenoproteins:
Glutathione peroxidases
Thioredoxin reductase
Iodothyronine deiodinases
Antioxidant: Why?
Glutathione peroxidase- antioxidant enzymes that reduce ROS by coupling their reduction to the oxidation of glutathione
Thioredoxin- Thioredoxin reductase participates in the regeneration of several antioxidants

21. Antioxidants: Selenium
What foods contain Selenium?
RDA for males and females years old:
55 uG/day

22. Antioxidants: Selenium
Toxicity
Deficiency
Accidental or suicidal ingestion of grams of selenium
Decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase and thyroid deiodinases
Chronically ill patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
Treating metabolic disorders such as phenylketonuria (PKU)

23. Example of antioxidant control systems of oxidative stress in cells
Burgess, J. R. and J. E. Andrade (2006). Antioxidant Effects of Citrus Flavonoid Consumption. Potential Health Benefits of Citrus. B. S. Patil, E. G. Miller, N. D. Turner and J. S. Brodbelt. Washington, DC, An American Chemical Society Publication.