1. Assessing Clients with Endocrine Disorders

2. Endocrine Glands and Location

3. Function of the Endocrine System Hormones which are secreted by the endocrine glands regulate growth, reproduction, sex differentiation, metabolism and fluid and electrolyte balance. Endocrine system helps the body adapt to constant changes in the internal and external environment See table in book

4. Endocrine System Physiology –hormones are chemical messenger that exert action on target organs –hormone regulate tissue response –levels are controlled by the pituitary gland –negative feedback - sense changes –positive feedback

5. Hormones Hormone levels are regulated by a process called negative feedback. Think of the way a thermostat in a house regulates temperature. When too much hormone is released, the target cell sends back a message to reduce its hormone release. If too little hormone is released, the target cell sends back a message to increase the hormone to the normal level. Video

6. Hypothalamus Located in the brain between the cerebrum and the brainstem. Pituitary gland is physically attached to the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus controls anterior pituitary function by regulating temperature, fluid volume and growth. Responds to pain, pleasure, hunger and thirst stimuli.

7. Master Gland!!!!! Pituitary Gland- also called hypophysis. It’s hormones regulate many different body functions. Anterior Lobe- Secretes six different hormones. Posterior Lobe- Releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin. See book

8. Thyroid Gland Shaped like a butterfly sits on either side of the trachea. Has 2 lobes connected by a structure called the isthmus. Needs an adequate supply of iodine in order to secrete thyroid hormone. Thyroxin-T4 Triiodothyronine- T3 Increases metabolism. Secretes calcitonin- hormone that decreases excess calcium levels in the blood

9. Parathyroid Glands Four to six glands are embedded on the posterior lobes of the thyroid gland. Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH secretion increases when calcium levels in the plasma fall and it decreases phosphorous levels. Normal levels of vitamin D are necessary for PTH to apply this effect.

10. Adrenal Glands Two glands Pyramid-shaped organs that sit on top of the kidneys. Adrenal Cortex- Secretes corticosteroids called Glucocorticoids- Cortisol affects CHO metabolism it raises blood glucose levels by increasing gluconeogenesis. Mineralcorticoids- Aldosterone maintains normal salt and water balance through it’s action on the kidneys. It is released when blood volume or blood pressure falls below normal levels and acts to save sodium and water, which in turn raises blood volume and pressure. Androgens are also released by the adrenal cortex.

11. Adrenal Glands Adrenal Medulla- Produces two hormones catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine. Both of these increase heart rate and the force of heart contractions and constrict blood vessels. Released during times of stress and initiate the fight or flight response.

12. Pancreas Two functions 1. secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum 2. release insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream

14. Endocrine System

15. Assessment of Endocrine Function Health Assessment Interview –medical hx, family hx –physical changes - skin, hair, thirst appetite wt. energy, sleep Physical Assessment –Palpation of thyroid –Inspection of skin hair facial appearance

17. Assessment (cont) Physical Assessment (continued) –Reflexes - musculoskeletal system –ht. wt. and v/s –hypocalcemia Abnormal findings –skin pigmentation texture purple striae lesions on extremities

18. Hypothyroidism

19. Hyperthyroidism

21. Assessment (cont) –Hair and Nails hypothyroid - dry, thick, brittle –hyperandrenocortico function - excessive hair hyperthyroid - thin, soft hair –Facial Assessment exophthalmos - protruding eyes –Thyroid Assessment enlargement, nodules

23. Assessment (cont) –Motor functions reflexes –increased with hyperthyroidism –decreased with hypothyroidism –Sensory function peripheral neuropathy –Musculoskeletal size - growth hormone

25. Assessment (cont) Hypocalcemia Tetany –Trousseau’s sign - carpal spasm with inflation of B/P cuff Chvostek’s sign - tap front of ear in angle of jaw to elicit facial muscle contraction

26. Interview Questions?