1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

2. Hormones Self-regulating system Production Affect: Two categories:
Extremely small amounts
Highly potent
Affect:
Growth
Metabolism
Behavior
Two categories:
Lipid (Steroid)
Amino acid

3. Endocrine Glands

8. Pituitary Also known as hypophysis Located beneath brain
Divided into two lobes:
Anterior
Releases six hormones
Posterior
Releases two hormones

9. Thyroid and Parathyroids
Thyroid gland
Located on either side of larynx and upper trachea
Two lobes
Secretes mixture of hormones
Parathyroid glands
Located at posterior surface of thyroid
Affect calcium metabolism

10. Adrenal Glands Hormones produced involved in body’s response to stress
Located atop each kidney
Divided into two regions
Outer cortex produces:
Steroid hormones
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Sex hormones
Inner medulla produces
Epinphrine
Norepinephrine

11. Pancreas Islet cells produce two hormones: Insulin
Increases cellular use of glucose
Decreases sugar levels in blood
Glucagon
Decreases cellular use of glucose
Increases sugar levels in blood

12. Other Endocrine Tissues
Thymus
Secretes thymosin
Gonads
Secrete sex hormones
Prostaglandins
Group of hormones produced by many cells
Variety of effects
Uterine contractions
Inflammatory response
Vasomotor activities

15. Clinical Aspects of Endocrine System
Endocrine diseases result from:
Hypersecretion
Hyposecretion
Secretion at wrong time
Failure of target tissue to respond
Causes may originate:
In gland itself
With hypothalamus or pituitary failing to release proper amount of hormone stimulators

17. Pituitary
Pituitary adenoma usually increases secretion of growth hormone
Excess in children causes gigantism
Excess in adults causes acromegaly
Treatment
Surgery
Drugs to reduce hormone level in blood

18. Pituitary (con’t) Panhypopituitarism Hypofunction of pituitary
Caused by tumor or interruption of gland’s blood supply
Widespread effects
Lack of ADH
Results in diabetes insipidus
Kidneys with diminished ability to conserve water
Symptoms include:
Polyuria
Polydipsia

19. Thyroid Deficiency of thyroid hormone causes: Hyperthyroidism
In infants
Physical retardation
Mental retardation
Congenital hypothyroidism
In adults
Myxedema
Hyperthyroidism
Common form is Graves disease
May result in goiter (enlarged thyroid)
Not always results from thyroid malfunction

20. Parathyroids Overactivity causes high level of calcium in blood
Calcium obtained from bones
Possible development of kidney stones
Underactivity results in decreased calcium
May cause:
Tingling
Numbness
Tetany

21. Adrenals Addison disease = hypofunction of adrenal cortex Caused by:
Autoimmune destruction of gland
ACTH deficiency
Results in:
Water loss
Low blood pressure
Electrolyte imbalance
Weakness
Nausea
Increase of brown pigmentation

22. Adrenals (cont’d)
Cushing syndrome = excess of adrenal cortisol hormones
Caused by:
Therapeutic administration of steroid hormones
Tumor
Results in:
Moon-shaped face
Localized obesity
Weakness
Hirsutism
Fluid retention

23. Pancreas and Diabetes Diabetes mellitus Most common endocrine disorder
Failure to use glucose effectively
Excess glucose causes hyperglycemia
Two types:
Type 1 (juvenile-onset or insulin-dependent)
Type 2 (adult-onset or non-insulin dependent)

24. Type 1 Diabetes Usually appears in children and teenagers
Caused by failure of pancreatic islets to produce insulin
For proper management:
Monitor blood sugar levels
Give insulin in divided doses
Regulate diet

25. Type 2 Diabetes Initiated by cellular resistance to insulin
May result in:
Metabolic syndrome
Hypoglycemia
Insulin shock
Diagnosed by measuring levels of glucose in blood plasma
Most cases linked to obesity
Another form is gestational diabetes mellitus