1. Psychology 2/6/14

2. Warm-up Take 5 minutes to complete your business plan & turn it into the homework bin.

3. What are emotions? 1.Physiological arousal 2.Expressive behaviors 3.Conscious experience—thoughts & feelings

4. How do these three come together? James-Lange Theory: Arousal causes emotion Cannon-Bard Theory: Arousal and emotion occur simultaneously (thalamus sends signals) Schachter-Singer (Two-factor) Theory: Arousal + cognition causes emotion

6. Arousal Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic (stress) & Parasympathetic (peace). Low arousal is best for difficult, unfamiliar tasks. High arousal is best for easy, well- rehearsed tasks. Called the inverted U function.

7. Physiology of emotions Though emotions all feel different, many of them share physiological similarities. Brain activity from fear, anger, and sexual arousal are all incredibly similar.

8. Physiology of emotions Brain differences: circuits used Negative emotions: right frontal lobe Positive emotions: left frontal lobe Left frontal lobe: more dopamine receptors “Lateralization of emotions” Nucleus accumbens: a cluster of neurons that receives info from frontal lobes. Relates to drug use (cocaine, etc.), smiling, laughing, etc.

9. Cognition & emotion Spillover effect: an arousal from one event influences your response to the next. If you have been exercising and someone makes you angry, you will respond with greater intensity. Intense argument intensifies sexual passion (make-up sex!)* This supports Schachter-Singer: emotion is fueled by arousal & channeled by cognition. *Mr. Phillis does not endorse any of you engaging in sexual intercourse.

10. Subliminal emotions… Cognition does not always accompany emotions. Primed happy face = 50% more fruit drink Primed sad face = substantially less A fear stimulus can trigger responses with or without cognition. 1.Stimulus -> thalamus -> amygdala -> response 2.Stimulus -> thalamus -> sensory cortex -> prefrontal cortex -> amygdala -> response

11. Amygdala’s neural messages Sends more messages to the cortex than it receives. Our feelings take precedent over thinking more often than vice versa.

12. Richard Lazarus Called cognitive appraisal theory Even when we do not fully process information cognitively, there is still thinking to appraise if something is a threat: you decide on an appropriate emotion. Do you buy into this?

13. Opponent-process theory Emotions work in pairs When one emotion is triggered, the other is suppressed.

14. Evaluating theories of emotions James-Lange: arousal leads to emotions Cannon-Bard: arousal accompanies emotions Schachter-Singer: arousal + cognition = emotions Lazarus: cognitive appraisal theory Which theory do you find to be most legitimate? Why?

15. Nonverbal communication Nonverbal cues (handshake, eye contact, body language, tone of voice {anger}, etc.) Our ability to understand nonverbal cues is impacted by culture, experience (angry/scared faces) & evolution. Introverts can read emotions better, but extroverts are easier to read. Emotional intelligence: ability to understand & control emotions

16. Women vs. Men According to Judith Hall (1984, 1987), women are generally better than men at reading emotional cues IT IS TRUE!!! Women are better at spotting lies (DePaulo, 1994)—damn. Women are more adept at identifying romantic/posed couples (Barnes & Sternberg, 1989).

17. Personal emotional responses Women express more complex emotions than men (bad vs. bittersweet; happy & sad). Greater emotional responses in positive and negative situations. Women describe themselves as more empathic (ability to identify with others). Women react more to emotional events— both externally and in brain scans.

18. Detecting emotions… Detecting lies & truths: people were 54% correct. College students, psychiatrists, court judges, police officers, & polygraphers all were around 50%. Secret Service agents, CIA agents, clinical psychologists, & LA interrogators were significantly above 50%.

19. Polygraphs How do they work? Detect heart rate, breathing rate, perspiration, blood pressure Problems? Suspects are aware (variation of Hawthorne Effect?) & may manipulate responses. Polygrapher tricks Provoke obvious emotional reactions—“Did you ever take anything that did not belong to you?” Draw card from stacked deck—identify card by “using polygraph.”

20. Without trying to deceive? In a 10-second clip, people can determine if a teacher likes or dislikes the student they are addressing. CRAP

21. Homework I Can See It All Over Your Face! Finish emotion: pages 532-544