2. Agricultural Education Agricultural Education in the Public Schools Today Thanks to Gary Moore, NCSU

3. Social Context for AgEd At the dawn of the 20th Century, the public was disenchanted with public education curriculum was still primarily classical no relevancy to an agrarian society no practical application lecture and rote memorization were extensively used

4. More Context... USDA, agricultural societies, and others demanded change in the educational system. Many states started teaching agriculture (and other applied subjects) in the public schools. There was a nation-wide movement to teach agriculture in the schools which culminated in the passage of the Smith-Hughes Act in 1917.

5. Smith-Hughes Act (1917) Federal funds made available to states to support teaching of agriculture, home economics & trades in public schools. Objective of vocational agriculture was to train those “...who have entered upon or who are preparing to enter upon the work of the farm…”

6. Smith-Hughes Act... Strict federal guidelines to be followed in operating the programs. AgEd included with Industrial Ed. An independent Federal Board for Vocational Education was established to develop policy and oversee the operation of vocational education. Congress didn’t trust the educational bureaucrats (Bureau of Education, Department of Interior) to provide federal leadership for this new endeavor; thus, the Federal Board was created.

7. Smith-Hughes Act... Agriculture students required to have a supervised farming project of at least six (6) months duration. Result: ruling that “Smith-Hughes Men” (agriculture teachers) were to be employed for 12 months to supervise these projects during the summer.

8. Memorandum of Understanding After passage of Smith-Hughes, a Memorandum of Understanding was enacted between the Federal Board and the USDA (in 1918) defining the roles of: agriculture teachers extension agents

9. Vocational Education Act of 1963 Smith-Hughes remained in place until the passage of the Vocational Education Act of 1963 which: Broadened the scope of vocational agriculture to include all areas of agriculture, not just farming Dropped the requirement that students have “farming projects” Reduced federal control greatly

10. Carl Perkins Act (1984, 1990, 1998) The current federal legislation related to vocational education is the Carl Perkins Act. Virtually no mention is made of specific programs such as agriculture. There are no provisions regarding agriculture in this legislation. Legislation appears to be aimed at helping “special populations.”

11. School-based Agriculture Today The mission of Agricultural Education is to prepare and support individuals for careers, build awareness and develop leadership for the food, fiber and natural resource systems. National Mission Statement

12. The Agriculture Curriculum What is taught varies greatly from state to state and school to school Some states still have a heavy emphasis on farming (production agriculture) Many states have diversified their course offerings In many states “vocational” won’t sell, “agriscience” is accepted.

13. The Agriculture Curriculum Typical Courses - Nationally Horticulture Forestry Agricultural Mechanics Agribusiness Animal Science Plant Science Agriscience Natural Resources

14. The Agriculture Curriculum Many states have a smorgasbord of suggested courses Arkansas has 22 courses, Texas has 26. Specialized courses have been developed aquaculture Local community “needs” should determine which courses are offered at the local level

15. Curriculum Some states have very active agricultural education curriculum development centers that produce excellent products for sale Texas Ohio Missouri New York Oklahoma

16. The AR Curriculum Agricultural Education Frameworks 5 “Strands,” Schools must choose 1: Based on ACT 980 (1991) 22 Approved courses Agricultural Business Agricultural Mechanics Agricultural Sciences Horticulture Natural Resources

17. The AR Curriculum… Strand 1: Agricultural Business 4 core courses are required to be offered. 9 optional courses to teach. Strand 2: Agricultural Mechanics 2 core required courses. 9 optional courses.

18. The AR Curriculum… Strand 3: Agricultural Sciences Choose either “Animal Science” emphasis or “Plant Science” emphasis 4 core courses in each 10 optional courses in each

19. The AR Curriculum… Strand 4: Horticulture 4 core courses 10 optional courses Strand 5: Natural Resources 4 core courses 9 optional courses

20. Arkansas Frameworks For each agricultural course there is a: detailed listing of content, instructional objectives, & time recommendations. Test Banks will be developed Pretest may be given at the start of the course. Posttest given at the end of the course.

21. The AR Curriculum In additional to classroom and laboratory instruction, agriculture students are expected to: Have a Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE) Program. A hands-on learning activity (experiential learning) carried on outside of class time. Belong to and be active in the FFA

22. FFA FFA is the leadership laboratory for agriculture students. Is a teaching tool for teachers. Historically and legislatively, FFA is considered to be an integral (intracurricular) part of the curriculum.

23. FFA Mission Statement: FFA makes a positive difference in the lives of students by developing their potential for premier leadership, personal growth and career success through agricultural education.

24. Adult Education At one time many agriculture teachers in Arkansas conducted adult programs. Very little adult education in agriculture is conducted in school-based programs today because of: Strong extension programs Community Colleges There are viable school-based adult programs in agriculture in about 25 states

25. Other School Ag. Ed. Programs Ag in the Classroom Agriculture is infused into the elementary curriculum USDA has an individual who coordinates Ag in the Classroom Farm Bureau is a very active supporter Program varies from state to state Typically high school teachers are not involved

26. Other School Ag. Ed. Programs Project Learning Tree Environmental education lessons and activities sponsored by the American Forest Foundation

27. Agricultural Education Leadership Federal Prior to 1963 - 14 individuals were employed in the US Office of Education with Ag. Ed. Responsibilities. Today - 2 individuals in the US Department of Education have Agricultural Education responsibilities. No real authority Public Law 740 (the federal FFA charter) is the reason for their existence

28. National Leadership and USDA Prior to the Smith-Hughes Act the USDA provided assistance to secondary agricultural education. The Farm Bill of 1996 tried to move federal agricultural education leadership to USDA (partially successful). A $500,000 challenge grant program for secondary agricultural education was established.

29. Agricultural Education Leadership Because of the decline in Federal leadership, the profession created an independent National Council for Agricultural Education in the mid-1980s.

30. Reinventing Agr. Educ. For the Year 2020 Council Projects: Local Program Success Agri-Entrepreneurship Program Aquaculture

31. Leadership in Arkansas 4 state-level “leadership” positions. These individuals work with schools across the state.

32. Agriculture Teachers About 12,000 teachers nationally The majority of the teachers teach in single teacher departments The largest agriculture departments are in: W. B. Saul High School of Agricultural Sciences (Philadelphia) W. B. Saul High School of Agricultural Sciences Chicago High School for Agricultural Sciences

33. Agriculture Teachers NAAE - National Association of Agricultural Educators (formerly: National Vocational Agriculture Teachers Association)

34. AR Agriculture Teachers About 260 at the middle & high school. Nearly all have 12 month contracts. Some schools are challenging this. Why? Starting salary: $28,000 - $38,000. Annual conference is held in late July.

35. Teacher Preparation B.S. degree in Agricultural Education needed. U of A, ASU, & SAU have teacher prep. programs. Due to teacher shortages, State considering certifying individuals with a B.S. degree in any area of agriculture.

36. Professional Journal The Agricultural Education Magazine designed for practitioners in the field six issues per year cost $10 each issue addresses a theme

37. Professional Journal The Journal of Agricultural Education is a research based publication for university agricultural educators.

38. Trends and Issues Block Scheduling Curriculum is becoming more scientific Private schools and home schooling Trying to distance the profession from the word “vocational” Accountability