1. Resurgence the Resurgence BedBugs of Bed Bugs, their Basic Biology and Control Suggestions Harold J. Harlan 621 Maple Hill Lane Crownsville, MD 21032

2. Adult Male - C. lectularius (L.)

3. Taxonomic Hierarchy Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta ( = Hexapoda ) Order: Hemiptera ( Sub-Order: Heteroptera ) Family: Cimicidae Genus: Cimex Species: lectularius Scientific Name: Cimex lectularius L. Common Name: the Common Bed Bug

4. Evidence of Resurgence Snetsinger: “. Bed bugs may actually cause slums... (Busvine 1951); today (1997) specimens are unavailable for classes & few young entomologists have seen an infestation..” [ Mallis 8 th ed.; p.399 ] Kreuger’s: “Don’t get Bitten by the resurgence of Bed Bugs,” Pest Contr. 68 (3): 58-64 ( Mar. 2000 ). NPMA: 29 infestations confirmed; 18 states & DC [ Library Update, Sept. 2001 ] NPMA: 29 infestations confirmed; 29 states, DC, 3 Provinces CAN, & 2 states MEX ( Dec. 2003 ) Orkin has treated bed bugs in 34 states (Jan. 2004 )

5. Adult Female

6. Adult Male - Engorged

7. Description Small – 3/16 inch long, oval, flat, reddish brown insects True bugs - w/ 3-seg. beak, 4-seg. antennae Vestigial wings & a thin coat of fine golden hairs Give off a distinctive “musty, sweetish” odor Undigested blood in feces causes “rusty” spots Males – pointed abdomen Females – rounded abdomen

8. Dorsal View - Front Half

9. Ventral View - Head

10. Adult Female – Lateral View

11. Identify the Bugs - 4 th Antennal Segment < 3 rd Segment - “Fringe Hairs” on Pronotum < Width of Compound Eye - Pronotum Front Margin Deeply Indented (vs. Only Slightly) = C. lectularius L.

12. Bed Bug vs. Bat Bug

13. Swallow Bug

14. Biology Feed only on Blood – Mammals or Birds Attach small (1 mm) whitish eggs to surfaces in harborages where they hide in loose clusters 5 Nymphal instars ( Need >1 blood meal each instar ) Life Cycle takes 4-5 weeks (egg-to-egg) in ‘good’ conditions [ 75-80% RH; 83-90 degrees F ] Female may lay 200-500 eggs in her lifetime Adults can survive >1 yr. w/o feeding [ Nymphs 3-4 mo.] Mating – “Traumatic” Insemination

15. Feeding - Several Instars

16. Engorged Nymphs-1 & 2

17. Engorging Adults & N - 2

18. Eggs and Droppings

19. “Rusty Spots” on Bedding

20. Male Aedeagus

21. Female ‘Spermilage’

22. Adult Bed Bugs Mating

23. Medical Importance - Found naturally infected w/ >20 human pathogens - Never proven to transmit any human disease - Several species feed on humans (including: Common & Tropical Bed Bugs, Bat Bugs, & Poultry Bugs - Salivary proteins cause “sensitivity” to repeated bites by large numbers of bed bugs - - 5 stages: no reaction; delayed reaction; both immediate & delayed; immediate reaction only; & finally, no reaction - - True hypersensitivity can develop (but it is reversible) - Serious social stigma to “having” an infestation

24. Feeding a “Rearing Jar”

25. Immediate Bite Reactions

26. Delayed Reactions (> 24 hrs.)

27. Habits ( Behavior ) - Nocturnal, harbor in clusters, but NOT ‘social’ - Hide in daytime in cracks, crevices, behind baseboards, bed frames, mattress seams, etc. - Take a blood meal to repletion in 3-10 min. - “Prefer” humans but feed on other hosts, too - Travel 5-20 ft. (each way) nightly to feed - Feed every few days if hosts available - Often void part of previous meal while feeding - Can remain fully active at 45 o F [ if acclimated for 24 hrs at < 60 o F ]

28. Bugs Have Thin Flat Bodies

29. Survey Sites: Bed Frames

30. Mattress (especially Seams)

31. Upholstered Chairs

32. Window Curtains & Frames

33. Control Strategies - Thorough survey & accurate ID - Educate customers ( may take > 1 visit ) - Sanitation will NOT eliminate them - Initial vacuuming (mattresses, beds, harborages ) - Treat harborages w/ properly labeled residual - - try to not use highly repellent materials - Dust electrical boxes, voids (maybe seal them shut ) - Seal harborages shut (pref. silicone-based sealant ) - Consider physical barriers if appropriate - Sticky monitors ( may detect continued presence)

34. “New” Techniques & Products 1. Gentrol™ labeled for Bed Bugs (late-2003) 2. Heat Treatments ( Whole-House or Room) 3. Steaming – Matresses, or Beds, etc. 4. Phantom™ (Chlorfenapyr) labeled to control ants / roaches; indoor ‘crack-and-crevice’ 5. PCO Pellets™ (Acephate) still labeled for ‘crack-and-crevice’ treatments 6. Encase matress & Pillows in plastic covers 7. Permethrin repellent, over-the-counter (s-h)

35. Fumigation 1. “Whole structure” fumigation will eliminate bugs present within treated areas, but..... a. This is seldom economically practical. b. There is no residual protection. 2. The same things are true for... a. “Batch” or “Single-Room” Fumigations, b. Heat treatments ( Whole Bldg. or One - Room ), and c. Cold treatments ( Whole Bldg. or One - Room ).

36. Monitors May Help Detect Bed Bugs

37. Why Bed Bugs Are Resurging 1. Greater human mobility 2. Less use of any residuals – last 5-6 yrs 3. Significant switch to baits for roaches & ants 4. Many PMPs are not familiar w/ bed bugs - inadequate survey, wrong ID, incomplete treatment 5. Pyrethroids used in most accounts are repellent - bugs do not get a lethal dose (esp. in deep cracks) - harborages easy to miss in first survey - bugs may detect & avoid residual treatments - bug pop. often “split” or move from such treatments 6. People may call any unknown bite - “bed bugs”

38. Questions ?