1. Anatomy of Articulation and Resonation CSDI 4037/5037

2. Overview Bones in the facial skeleton Muscles of the mastication
Cavities of the vocal tract

3. Bones in the Facial Skeleton
Mandible
Maxillae
Zygomatic bone
Nasal bone
Palatine bone and nasal conchae
Lacrimal bone
Vomer
Some of the major bones of the facial region…know these for test.

4. Mandible The mandible forms lower portion of the jaw.
Anterior view:
Alveolar margin (border) – Superior aspect of the bone that contains the sockets (alveoli) for the teeth.
Mental protuberance – raised, triangular shaped area where two halves of the bone have fused
Alveolar margin
Mental protuberance
Foramen aka pits for nerves and bloodvessles run to muscle and skin of the face

5. Mandible Mental tubercle – raised bases of the mental protuberance
Mental symphysis – slight, vertical ridge above the protuberance that was formed by the fusion of the right and left halves of the mandible
Mental foramen –hole on the anterior aspect of the bone below the second premolar.
Mental symphysis
Mental foramen
Mental tubercle

6. Mandible Lateral view Ramus – vertical portion of the bone
Body – horseshoe-shaped portion of the bone
Angle- region of the bone where ramus and body join
Condylar process – posterior extension of the ramus
Coronoid process –sharply angled anterior extension of the ramus
Condial process fits into the temperal mandibular joint.
Genu of manubale…anything that is knee like…aka chin

7. Mandible
Lateral view
Mandibular condyle – rounded head of the condylar process; articulates with the mandibular process of the temporal bone
Mandibular notch - concavity located between the condylar and coronoid process.
Mandibular condyle
Mandibular notch

8. Mandible Inner surface of the mandible Mylohyoid line
The mandibular foramen is the conduit for the inferiror alveolar nerve of V trigeminal, providing sensory innervation for the teeth and gums.
Mandibular condyle
Mandibular notch

9. Maxilla Bone
The maxilla bone is the facial bone that is positioned between the orbits, nose, and mouth. It forms upper portion of the jaw.
Anterior view:
Alveolar process – inferior extension that contains the sockets for the teeth.
Infraorbital foramen – prominent hole located in the inferior to the orbit.
Frontal process – narrow extension that projects toward the frontal bone
Zygomatic process – extension that project toward the zygomatic bone.
Frontal process
Infraorbital foramen
Zygomatic process
Alveolar process

10. Maxilla
Inferior orbital fissure – narrow, elongated opening that runs diagonally along the floor of the orbit, serves as a passageway for the maxillary nerve and infraorbital vessels
Inferior orbital fissure
Orbital region is referring to the area around the eyes

11. Maxilla
Inferior view
Incisive foramen – depression found posterior to the incisors; forms a passageway for nasopalatine vessels
Palatine process – thin plate that forms part of the roof of the mouth (or hard palate)
Two palatine processes of the maxilla articulate at the intermaxillary suture

12. Zygomatic bone
The zygomatic is the facial bone that forms the cheek bone
Frontal process – narrow extension that projects toward the frontal bone
Temporal process – narrow extension that joins with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch.
Maxillary process – narrow extension that medially toward the maxilla.
Lacrimation – crying.

13. Nasal bones
The nasal bones are small, making up the superior nasal surface.
They form the bridge of the nose.
The nasal bones articulates with the frontal bones superiorly, the maxilla laterally, and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the nasal septal cartilage.

14. Lateral View

15. Palatine bone
Together, the two L-shaped palatines form the posterior floor of the nasal cavity.
Horizontal plate: portion of the bone that articulates with the palatine process of the maxilla bone; forms the posterior portion of the hard palate.
Perpendicular plate: superior projection; forms a portion of the nasal cavity lateral wall.
nomatization

16. Palatine bone
Greater palatine foramen
Greater palatine foramen: largest opening along the lateral edge of horizontal plate; serves as a passageway for greater palatine nerve
Lesser palatine foramina: two or three small openings located posterior to the greater palatine foramen; serve as passageways for branches of the lesser palatine nerve.
Lesser

17. Inferior nasal conchae
They are small, scroll-like bones located on the lateral surface of the nasal cavity.
They articulate with the maxilla, palatine, and ethmoid bone
The middle and superior nasal conchae processes of the ethmoid bone

18. Vomer
The vomer is an unpaired, midline bone making up the inferior and posterior nasal septum
Joins with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone to form the bony septum that divides nasal cavity into right and left halves.

19. Vomer
It articulates with the sphenoid rostrum and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone in the posterior –superior, and with the maxillae and palatine bones on the inferior margin.

20. Lacrimal bones
The small lacrimal bones are almost completely hidden in the intact skull.
They articulate with the maxillae, frontal bone, nasal bone, and inferior conchae.
Lacrimal fossa: depression at the junction of the lacrimal and maxilla bones that holds the lacrimal sac; tears formed by the sac drain through a duct into the nasal cavity.
Lacrimal fossa

21. Ethmoid bone
Irregular shaped cranial bone found at the top of the nasal cavity; bony projections from ethmoid extend into the nasal cavity, orbits and cranium.
Orbital plate: portion of the bone that forms the medial side of the orbit.
Perpendicular plate: very thin vertical plate that extends down into the nasal cavity and joins the vomer bone below.

22. Ethmoid bone
Cribriform plate: thin horizontal plate that articulates with the frontal bone; numerous holes in the plate form passageways for olfactory nerves through the cranium.
Crista galli: a thin vertical plate that extends up from the cribriform plate
Ethmoid bone is the bone he showed us in class that helps warm the air in the nasal region.
Smell relies on molicules in the atmosphere with chemicals that line the alfactory bulbs in the nasal region.

23. Lateral View

24. Muscles of Mastication
The process of chewing food, or mastication, requires the movement of mandible.
The muscles of mastication include
The mandibular elevators
Muscles of protrusion
The mandibular depressors

25. Muscles of Mastication
Mandibular elevators
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
Mandible protruders
Lateral pterygoid
Mandibular depressors
Digastricus
Mylohyoid muscle
Geniohyoid bone
Masseter- one of the strongest musccles in the body. 5 crainal nerve intervates the muscle of mastication.

26. Masseter
The massive quadrilateral muscle originates on the lateral, inferior, and medial surfaces of the zygomatic arch
Inserts primarily into the ramus of the mandible
Contraction elevates the mandible
It is innervated by the mandibular branch of he V trigeminal nerve

27. Temporalis muscle
It is deep to the masseter, arising from temporal fossa of temporal and parietal bones
It courses down and forward
Inserts in the coronoid process and ramus.
It elevates the mandible and draws it back if protruded
Innervated by the temporal branches arising from the mandibular nerve of V trigeminal

28. Medial pterygoid muscle
It originates from the medial pterygoid plate and fossa lateral to it.
It courses down and back to insert into the mandibular ramus
It elevates the mandible, acting in conjunction with the masseter; individually, they move mandible side to side.
It is innervated by the mandibular division of the V trigeminal nerve.

29. Lateral pterygoid muscle
One head of the lateral pterygoid arises from the lateral pterygoid plate; another head attaches to the greater wing of the sphenoid.
It courses back to insert into the lower inner margin of the condyloid process.
Its contraction protrude the mandible, and it works in contrast with the mandibular elevators.
It is innervated by the mandibular branch of the V trigeminal nerve.

30. Digastricus
The digastricus anterior originates on the inner surface of the mandible at the digastricus fossa
The digastricus posterior originates on the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
If the hyoid bone is fixed, contraction of the anterior component will result in depression of the mandible
Like a strap type muscle has two parts pasterior and and anterior.

31. Digastricus
The anterior belly is innervated by the mandibular branch of the V trigeminal nerve.
The posterior belly is supplied by the digastric branch of the VII facial nerve.
This is the only muscle not intervated by the 5 cranial nerve.

32. Mylohyoid muscle
The fanlike muscle courses from the mylohyoid line of the mandible to the hyoid bone inferiorly.
The mylohyoid depresses the mandible
It is innervated by the alveolar nerve, arising from the V trigeminal nerve, mandibular branch.

33. Geniohyoid muscle
It originates at the mental spines of the mandible and projects parallel to the anterior digastricus and inserts into the corpus hyoid.
Contarction depresses the mandible
Innervation is by means of the XII hypoglossal nerve.
Connects the genio to the hyoid bone. Not used for mastication…related to vocal process.

34. Lips Covered externally by skin and internally by the mucous membrane
Has four layers of tissues namely cutaneous, muscular, glandular, and mucous
The skin terminates as a well-defined line called the cupids bow
Another set of muscles…

35. Lips
The vermilion zone is the transitional area between the skin and the mucous membrane
The vertical groove is called philtrum while the slight projection at the end of the philtrum on the upper lip is the tubercle
The lower lips are more mobile and contribute for the bilabial and labiodental sounds

36. Palate Soft Palate (velum):
attached to the posterior free border of the palatine bones
This attachment is via the palatal aponeurosis
Its muscle fibers allow it to be lowered, elevated or tensed. At rest, it is directed posteriorly and hangs like a curtain into the oropharynx