1. The Cranial Nerves
脑 神 经

2. Names of cranial nerves
Ⅰ Olfactory nerve
Ⅱ Optic nerve
Ⅲ Oculomotor nerve
Ⅳ Trochlear nerve
Ⅴ Trigeminal nerve
Ⅵ Abducent nerve
Ⅶ Facial nerve
Ⅷ Vestibulocochlear nerve
Ⅸ Glossopharyngeal nerve
Ⅹ Vagus nerve
Ⅺ Accessory nerve
Ⅻ Hypoglossal nerve
一嗅二视三动眼
四车五叉六外展
七面八听九舌咽
十迷一副舌下全

3. Fiber components of cranial n.
General somatic afferent(sensory) fibers 一般躯体感觉纤维
Special somatic afferent (sensory) fibers 特殊躯体感觉纤维
General visceral afferent (sensory) fibers 一般内脏感觉纤维
Special visceral afferent (sensory) fibers 特殊内脏感觉纤维
General somatic efferent (motor) fibers 一般躯体运动纤维
Special visceral efferent (motor) fibers 特殊内脏运动纤维
General visceral efferent (motor) fibers一般内脏运动纤维

4. Classification of cranial nerves
Sensory cranial nerves 感觉性脑神经: contain only sensory fibers
Ⅰ. Olfactory nerve
Ⅱ. Optic nerve
Ⅷ. Vestibulocochlear nerve

5. Classification of cranial nerves
Motor cranial nerves 运动性脑神经: contain only motor fibers
Ⅲ. Oculomotor nerve
Ⅳ. Trochlear nerve
Ⅵ. Abducent nerve
Ⅺ. Accessory nerve
Ⅻ. Hypoglossal nerve

6. Classification of cranial nerves
Mixed nerves 混合性脑神经: contain both sensory and motor fibers
Ⅴ. Trigeminal nerve
Ⅶ. Facial nerve
Ⅸ. Glossopharyngeal nerve
Ⅹ. Vagus nerve

7. Sensory cranial nerves
感觉性脑神经
I．Olfactory nerve
II. Optic nerve
VIII.Vestibulocochlear nerve

8. Olfactory nerve (I)
Olfactory cell → Olfactory nerve → Cribriform foramina
筛孔 → Olfactory bulb 嗅球
Olfactory nerve
Function: conduct the smell

9. Optic nerve (II)
Ganglion cell of retina → Optic nerve → Optic canal视神经管 →
optic chiasma视交叉→optic tract 视束→ lateral geniculate body外侧膝状体.

10. Vestibulocochlear nerve （VIII）
Vestibular nuclei
Cochlear nuclei
Cochlear ganglion
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Internal acoustic meatus
Vestibular ganglion

11. Sensory cranial nerves
Location of cell body
Cranial
exit
Terminal
nuclei
Main
action Ⅰ
Olfactory cells
Cribrifom
foramina
Olfactory bulb
Smell Ⅱ
Ganglion cells of retina
Optic canal
Lateral geniculate body
Vision Ⅷ
Vestibular ganglion of internal ear
Internal acoustic meatus
Vestibular nuclei
Equilibrium
Cochlear ganglionof internal ear
Cochlear nuclei
Hearing

12. Motor cranial nerves 运动性脑神经 III.Oculomotor nerve 动眼神经
IV. trochlear nerve 滑车神经 VI. Abducent nerve 展神经
XI. accessory nerve 副神经
XII. hypoglossal nerve 舌下神经

13. Oculomotor nerve（III）
Components
General somatic motor（efferent） fiber arises from oculomotor nucleus 动眼神经核
General visceral motor （efferent） fiber arises from accessory oculomotor nucleus 动眼神经副核
supplies : Superior, inferior and medial recti; inferior obliquus;
上直肌、下直肌、内直肌、下斜肌
levator palpebrae superioris上睑提肌
Sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle睫状肌和瞳孔括约肌
动眼神经核
动眼神经副核

14. Oculomotor nerve（ IV ） Course:
Leave the brain at the interpeduncular fossa脚间窝
Via superior orbital fissure 眶上裂enter the orbital cavity
Oculomotor nerve
动眼神经
Ciliary ganglion
睫状神经节

15. The injury of the oculomotor n. may lead to:
Droping of the upper eyelid
上睑下垂
lateral strabismus 外斜视
Dilation of the pupil 瞳孔扩大
The pupillary reflexes disappear
瞳孔光反射消失
Oculamotor paralysis

16. Trochlear nerve（ IV ） arises from the trochlear nucleus,
and pass through the superior orbital fissure眶上裂to supply the superior obliquus上斜肌
trochlear nerve

17. Abducent nerve（ VI ）
arises from the abducent nucleus, and pass through the superior orbital fissure to supply the lateral rectus外直肌
Abducent nerve

18. Accessory nerve（ XI ） Cranial root 脑根：arises from nucleus ambiguus疑核;
Spinal root脊髓根 ： arises from the accessory nucleus副神经核
pass through jugular foramen颈静脉孔,and supplies 2 muscles
Accessory nerve
sternocleidomastoid
trapezius

19. Hypoglossal nerve （ XII）
Hypoglossal canal
Hypoglossal nucleus
Hypoglossal nerve

20. Function of Hypoglossal nerve
supplies the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the Tongue
extend the tongue with Contraction
So what happens if the CN12 has been damaged ?

21. Motor cranial nerves N. Nucleus of origin Cranial exit supply Ⅲ
Oculomotor nucleus
Superior orbital
fissure
superior, inferior and medial recti; inferior obliquus; levator palpebrae superioris
Accessory nucleus of oculomotor (Parasympathetic )
sphincter pupillea and ciliary muscl Ⅳ
Trochlear nucleus
superior obliquus Ⅵ
Abducent nsucleu
lateral rectus Ⅺ
Accessory nucleus
Jugular foramen
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius Ⅻ
Hypoglossal nucleus
Hypoglossal canal
muscles of tongue

22. Mixed cranial nerves 混合性脑神经 V. Trigeminal nerve VII.Facial nerve
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve
X. Vagus nerve

23. Trigeminal nerve（ V ） Components of fibers
General somatic afferent fibers: transmit facial sensation to sensory nuclei of trigeminal nerve, the fibers have their cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion,
Special viceral efferent fibers: originate from motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve, and supply masticatory muscles

25. Branches Ophthalmic nerve 眼神经 (Ⅴ1, sensory) Branches
leave the skull through the superior
orbital fissure 眶上裂, to enter orbital cavity
Branches
Frontal nerve 额神经:
Supratrochlear nerve
滑车上神经
Supraorbital nerve
眶上神经
Lacrimal nerve 泪腺神经:→lacrimal gland
Nasociliary nerve 鼻睫神经; → eyeball

26. Distribution:
Visual organ
Part of mucosa of nose鼻粘膜
Skin above the palpebral fisure睑裂 and back of nose
Cerebral dura mater硬脑膜

27. Maxillary nerve 上颌神经 (Ⅴ2, sensory)
Leave skull through foramen rotundum 圆孔
Branches
Infraorbital nerve
眶下神经
Zygomatic nerve
颧神经
Superior alveolar nerve
上牙槽神经
Pterygopalatine nerve
翼腭神经

28. Distribution: Maxillary teeth Mucosa of nose and mouth
Skin between the palpebral fissure and oral fissure.
cerebral dura mater

29. Mandibular nerve 下颌神经 (Ⅴ3, mixed)
Leave the skull through the foramen ovale 卵圆孔 to enter the infratemporal fossa 颞下窝
Branches
Auriculotemporal nerve 耳颞神经
Buccal nerve 颊神经
Lingual nerve 舌神经
Inferior alveolar nerve 下牙槽神经
Nerve of masticatory muscles 咀嚼肌神经

30. Distribution: cerebral dura mater; Mandibular teeth and gum牙龈;
Mucosa of floor of mouth；
Anterior 2/3 of tongue;
Skin of auricular and temporal regions耳颞区 and below the oral fissure;
masticatory muscles咀嚼肌, mylohyoid下颌舌骨肌, and anterior belly of digastric m二腹肌前腹.

31. Facial nerve (Ⅶ) Components of fibers
Special visceral efferent fiber: fibers originate from facial nucleus面神经核, and supply facial muscles.
General visceral efferent fiber: fibers arise from superior salivatory nucleus上泌涎核 and relayed in pterygopalatine ganglion翼腭神经节 and submandibular ganglion下颌下神经节. The postganglionic fibers supply lacrimal泪腺, submandibular下颌下腺 and sublingual glands舌下腺.
Special visceral afferent fiber: fiber from taste buds of anterior 2/3 of tongue which cell bodies are in the geniculate ganglion 膝节 of the facial nerve and end the nucleus of solitary tract孤束核.
General somatic afferent fiber: fibers distribute the skin of external ear.

32. leaves skull through internal
Course:
leaves skull through internal
acoustic meatus内耳门, facial canal
面神经管and stylomastoid foramen
茎乳孔, it then enters parotid gland腮腺 where it divides into five Branches which supply facial Muscles.

33. Branches within the facial canal
Chorda tympani 鼓索: joins lingual branch of mandibular nerve
To taste buds on anterior two-thirds of tongue.
Relayed in submandibular ganglion(下颌下神经节), the postganglionic fibers supply submandibular and sublingual glands
Branches within the facial canal

34. Greater petrosal nerve 岩大神经: fibers pass to pterygopalatine ganglion 翼腭神经节 and the postganglionic fibers through the zygomatic and lacrimal nerves to lacrimal gland
Stapedial nerve 镫骨肌神经: to stapedius

35. Branches outside of facial canal
Temporal branch 颞支
Zygomatic branch 颧支
Buccal branch 颊支
Marginal mandibular branch 下颌缘支
Cervical branch 颈支

36. Pterygopalatine ganglion 翼腭神经节 : lies in pterygopalatine fossa翼腭窝under maxillary nerve
Submandibular ganglion 下颌下神经节: lies between lingual nerve舌神经 and submandibular gland下颌下腺

37. Glossopharyngeal nerve (Ⅸ)
Components of fibers
Special visceral efferent fiber: originate from nucleus ambiguus疑核, and supply stylopharygeus茎突咽肌.
general visceral efferent fiber: arise from inferior salivatory nucleus下泌涎核 and ralyed in otic ganglion耳神经节, the postganglionic fibers supply parotid gland腮腺.
Special visceral afferent fiber: transmit the taste of posterior third of tongue to the nucleus of solitary tract孤束核.

38. Glossopharyngeal nerve (Ⅸ)
Components of fibers
general visceral afferent fiber: transmit the visceral sensation from mucosa of posterior third of tongue, pharynx咽, auditory tube咽鼓管 and tympanic cavity鼓室, carotid sinus颈动脉窦 and glomus颈动脉小球, to the nucleus of solitary tract.
general somatic afferent fiber: conduct the sensation from skin of posterior surface of auricle外耳.

39. Course: leaves the skull via jugular foramen
Branches
Lingual branches 舌支: to taste buds and mucosa of posterior third of tongue
Pharyngeal branches 咽支: take part in forming the pharyngeal plexus
Tympanic nerve 鼓室神经: → tympanic cavity and auditory tube, and its general visceral motor fibers via lesser petrosal nerves to end the otic ganglion耳神经节, the postganglionic fibers via auriculotemporal n.(Ⅴ3) to parotid gland

40. Branches Carotid sinus branch 颈动脉窦支: →carotid sinus and glomus
Others: tonsillar扁桃体 and stylophayngeal branches
Otic ganglion 耳神经节: situated just below foramen ovale

41. Pharyngeal branches
Lingual branches
Carotid sinus branch

42. Vagus nerve (Ⅹ) components of fibers
general visceral efferent fiber: originate from dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve迷走神经背核, synapse in parasympathetic ganglion, short postganglionic fibers innervate cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands of viscera
Special visceral efferent fiber: originate from the nucleus ambiguus, to muscles of pharynx and larynx

43. Vagus nerve (Ⅹ) components of fibers
general visceral afferent fiber: carry impulse from viscera in neck, thoracic and abdominal cavity to nucleus of solitary tract
general somatic afferent fiber: conduct the sensation from auricle, external acoustic meatus外耳道and cerebral dura mater to the spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.

44. Course Right vagus nerve Exits the skull from jugular foramen
Descends in the neck in carotid sheath between internal (or common) carotid artery and internal jugular vein
Right vagus nerve
Enter thoracic cavity on right side of trachea and infront of right subclavian a. and passes posterior to right lung root
Forms posterior esophageal plexus
and posterior vagal trunk
Passes though the esophageal hiatus into abdominal cavity, then divides into posterior gastric 胃后支and celiac branches 腹腔支

45. Left vagus nerve
Enter thoracic cavity between left common carotid and left subclavian arteries, Descends infront of the aortic arch
Passes posterior to the root of left lung Forms anterior esophageal plexus and anterior vagal trunk
Passes though the esophageal hiatus into abdominal cavity, and divides into anterior gastric and hepatic branches.

46. Branches in neck Superior laryngeal nerve 喉上神经 Internal branch
which pierces thyrohyoid membrane to innervates mucous membrane of larynx above fissure of glottis
External branch, which innervates cricothyroid
Internal branch
External branch
Cervical cardiac branches 颈心支 descending to terminate in cardiac plexus

47. Branches in thorax Recurrent laryngeal nerves 喉返神经
Right one hooks around right subclavian artery, left one hooks aortic arch
Both ascend in tracheo-esophageal groove
Nerves enter larynx posterior to cricothyroid joint, the nerve is now called inferior laryngeal nerve
Innervations: laryngeal mucosa below fissure of glottis , all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid
Bronchial and esophageal branches

48. Anterior and posterior gastric branches
Branches in abdomen
Anterior and posterior gastric branches
Run close to lesser curvature and innervate anterior and posterior surfaces of stomach
Hepatic branches 肝支:
supply liver and gallbladder
Celiac branches:
send branches to celiac plexus whose fibers distribute with sympathetic fibers to liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, intestine as far as left colic flexure

49. Nucleus of oculomotor n.
Accessory nucleus of oculomotor n.

51. Auriculotemporal nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve下牙槽神经

58. The nerve distribution of tongue 舌的神经分布
Hypoglossal n. → the musels of tongue;
Mandibular n. → anterior 2/3 mucosa of tongue;
Facial n. → anterior 2/3 teste buds of tongue;
Glossopharygeal n. →the mucosa and teste buds of the root of tongue

59. ? The nerve distribution of the eyeball
III →sup. Inferior and medial rectus,inferior obliquus
IV→ superior obliquus VI→lateral rectus
Optic n. → visual sense;
Ophthalmic n. →general sense of eyeball;
sympathetic n. →dilator pupillae;
parasympathetic n. →sphincter pupillae and ciliary m.