1. Objective: Students will describe the Monarchy system and the problems it had. What are the good and bad things about being a child? What are the good and bad things about being a parent?

2. What was the situation in France? The absolute monarchy of France had controlled one of the richest and most powerful nations in Europe

3. How was life in France? But, the majority of the people were not sharing in the wealth They wanted a better way of life

4. How was the Enlightenment involved? Enlightenment philosophers had talked about change and making life more fair Natural rights Social contracts Right to rebel to bring about change

5. What was going on in America? The American colonists had use Enlightenment ideas during the American Revolution The American Declaration of Independence, written in 1776, excited many people in France

6. Who was Marquis de Lafayette? Some French even participated in the American Revolution… such as a young noble named MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE  Volunteered to fight with Washington’s Continental Army  Became a Major General in the Continental Army

7. How did the King of France get involved? Even the King of France got involved in the American Revolution… KING LOUIS XVI  Sent 12,000 French soldiers  Sent 32,000 French sailors

8. How did new ideas reach France? French volunteers returned home with thoughts REFORMING France changing

9. Essential Question What were the causes of the French Revolution?

10. Why were the French people upset? The French people had many reasons to revolt → Unfair social divisions → Unequal tax burdens → Government debt → Financial crisis

11. How were social divisions unfair? Cause #1: Unfair Social Divisions Everybody in France belonged to one of the three ESTATES Social classes First EstateSecond EstateThird Estate ClergyNoblesEveryone else.5% of the population 1.5% of the population 98% of the population

12. How was taxation unequal? Cause #2: Unequal Tax Burdens First Estate: 0% Second Estate: 0% Third Estate: 100% Taxes Paid The Third Estate had no voice in government, however it paid all of the nations taxes

13. Why was the government in debt? Cause #3: Government Debts The French monarchy was in debt for a number of reasons: ► Royal spending on luxuries ► Costly wars ( French and Indian War, American Revolution) ► First and Second Estates refusal to pay taxes

14. What had caused a financial crisis? Cause #4: Financial Crisis The growing French population increased the demand for goods Prices and the cost of living rose were on the rise as well

15. How did King Louis XVI respond? In May 1789, King Louis XVI call a meeting of the ESTATES-GENERAL A lawmaking made up of representatives from all three estates Each estate had 1 vote a piece – meaning the First and Second Estate could always outvote the Third Estate

16. What did the Third Estate want? The Third Estate wanted more votes since they represented 98% of the population The King refused

17. What was the plan of the Third Estate? The Third Estate declared itself the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY and intended to create a new government… They began working on a new constitution…. revolution would soon begin…

18. How did the revolution start? July 14, 1789 – A large crowd stormed the BASTILLE A hated French prison The French Revolution had begun…. When King Louis XVI banned the National Assembly from meeting, Paris exploded in rebellion….

19. How was the government to be run? Aug. 26, 1789 – The National Assembly adopts the DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZENS Written by Marquis de Lafayette (with advice from Thomas Jefferson) This document stated: Government gets its power from the people – not the king Basic rights and freedoms of the people

20. What type of government was created? 1791 – The National Assembly declares France a CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCY Obviously, Louis XVI disagrees and rejects any limits to his power In fear, Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette try to escape to Austria….. But they are caught and imprisoned

21. How did radicals come to power? Other monarchs in Europe feared the spread of revolution and tried to help Louis XVI return to power… While France is fighting against these other nations, a group of RADICALS took control of France They set up a new government known as the NATIONAL CONVENTION People who want big changes QUICKLY

22. How did Europe reacted to the revolution? January 1793 – King Louis XVI was beheaded on the GUILLOTINE A new machine designed to quickly execute people The King’s execution outraged European leaders… Britain, Spain, the Netherlands, Austria, and Prussia began a war with France to prevent revolution from spreading into their country

23. Who was Robespierre? The National Convention set up the COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY to crush any opponents of the revolution MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE Leader of the Committee of Public Safety Robespierre resided over the REIGN OF TERROR

24. What was the Reign of Terror? During the REIGN OF TERROR, the following were killed:  King Louis XVI  Queen Marie Antoinette  40,000 people who were seen as disloyal to the revolution and favored the return of a monarchy The Reign of Terror ended when the National Convention executed Robespierre

25. What was the Directory? Middle class leaders decided to set up a 5 person council, known as the DIRECTORY to run the country …but it lacked support

26. How did the revolution end? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXsZbkt0yqo 1797 – General NAPOLEON BONAPARTE returns home to France after fighting the British in Egypt His victories in battle had made him a national hero He used his popularity to lead a COUP D’ETAT and took control of the government for himself … the revolution was over…

27. Essential Question How did Napoleon change French society?

28. How did Napoleon control France? Napoleon quickly strengthened his power by: Appointed government officials Controlled the army Directed lawmaking Oversaw foreign policy

29. What title did Napoleon take? In 1804, Napoleon declared himself Emperor of France As Emperor, Napoleon planned on building an empire worthy of his title

30. What changes did he bring to France? The changes Napoleon brought to France can be classified into 4 areas…  Legal  Social  Political  Economic

31. What legal changes took place? Legal Changes Under Napoleon  NAPOLEONIC CODE – a new legal system based on the ideas of the Enlightenment  Equal rights  Religious toleration

32. What social changes took place? Social Changes Under Napoleon  State supported schools  Ended serfdom  Ended the estate system

33. What political changes took place? Political Changes Under Napoleon  Government jobs based on merit – not birth or class  Reduced power of the Catholic Church

34. What economic changes took place? Economic Changes Under Napoleon → Required ALL citizens to pay taxes → Set up a Bank of France

35. What is nationalism? The armies of Napoleon spread NATIONALISM throughout Europe Pride in one’s country

36. How big was Napoleon’s empire? In his quest to build an empire, Napoleon took control of most of the continent of Europe

37. What ideas did Napoleon spread? Within his empire, Napoleon introduced ideals from the French Revolution Such as:  Legal equality for all citizens  Religious tolerance  Economic freedom However, the spread of revolutionary ideals would also help bring Napoleon’s empire to an end…

38. Why did many dislike Napoleon? People under Napoleon’s control resented… Paying taxes to France Serving in Napoleon’s army and

39. What did many people still want? These people felt more loyalty to their home countries than to the French Empire They wanted self-rule

40. What was Napoleon’s legacy? Napoleon’s dream of empire ended with his capture in 1815 by British forces Even though his empire failed… Napoleon left the ideas of revolution and nationalism with the people of Europe

41. Who had power in Latin America? For nearly 300 years, Spain and Portugal held control over many colonies in the Latin America In the 1800s, that would begin to change as Latin Americans became inspired by the American and French Revolutions…

42. What was society like in here? Spain and Portugal had forced a very strict social order on their Latin American colonies There were four distinct social classes in Latin American society: → PENINSULARES → CREOLES → MESTIZOS → MULATTOS

43. Who was at the top of society? PENINSULARES Colonial leaders Born in Spain or Portugal (the Iberian Peninsula) These people were at the top of government and society in Latin America

44. Who was next in social order? CREOLES Descendents of Portuguese or Spanish settlers born in the colonies The peninsulares looked down on the creoles, and the creoles resented it

45. Where did most people fall in class? MESTIZOS Largest group of people in most colonies People of mixed Spanish and Latin American ancestry These people tended to: Work as servants and Laborers Have very few rights and freedoms

46. Who was at the bottom of society? MULATTOS Lowest social class – along with Native Americans and enslaved Africans People of mixed African and European descent Number of mulattos varied from colony to colony

47. Were people okay with this? All lower classes disliked being ruled by the Peninsulares… But they had little power to challenge their rulers

48. How did change come? However, as Napoleon fought his wars to create a French Empire… Spain and Portugal were left weakened… Latin Americans saw their chance to win their independence!

49. What was the situation in Haiti? The first revolution in Latin America took place in Haiti Haiti can be found on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea

50. What was produced in Haiti? In Haiti, many enslaved workers produced sugar and coffee More than 500,000 of the 560,000 people who lived in Haiti were either slaves or had once been enslaved Nearly 90% of the population

51. Who controlled Haiti? Haiti was actually a French colony… Most Latin American colonies were either ruled by Spain or Portugal

52. Why did a rebellion occur? With France tied up with revolution and war… The time was ripe for a rebellion in Haiti

53. Who led the rebellion? In the 1790s, enslaved Africans began rebelling against French rule They were led by TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE

54. What did it accomplish? French forces captured Louverture and he eventually died in prison… The revolution lived on… In 1804, Haiti announced its independence and became the first Latin American country to win its independence

55. What happened in Mexico? In Mexico, two Catholic priests led a revolt against Spain MIGUEL HIDALGOJOSE MARIA MORELOS

56. What happened to the priests? Both Hidalgo and Morelos were captured and executed…. But, the revolution lived on…

57. What was the result? 1821 – Mexico declares its independence from Spain 1823 – Mexico declares itself a republic Soon… Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua would all announce their independence from Spanish rule as well

58. Who was San Martin? In 1810, JOSE DE SAN MARTIN freed Argentina from Spanish rule He then continued on into Chile

59. Who was Simon Bolivar? Meanwhile, SIMON BOLIVAR was leading revolts in… EcuadorVenezuelaColombia

60. Did they ever work together? In Peru… San Martin and Bolivar joined forces to crush the Spanish Army

61. What was the result? By the end of 1824, nearly all of South America had successfully revolted and won independence These new nations hoped to change their governments by building democracies Independence 1824

62. Were there any problems? These new governments faced many challenges…  A large gap between rich and poor  Most power was held by a small group of landowners For example:

63. What was the biggest issue? One of the biggest problems were CAUDILLOS Dictators who ruled by military force Strong leaders came to power during this time and made it hard for democracy and prosperity In an attempt to maintain power, they did little to help the poor