1. Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo
©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

2. Chapter 4 Intergroup relations

3. Minority-Group Responses
Ethnic-Racial Group Identity
Ethnic-group identity exists when individuals choose to emphasize cultural or national ties as the basis for their primary social interactions and sense of self
Part of the growing up process for minorities often involves the existence of a dual identity: one in the larger society and another within the person’s own group

4. Minority Group Responses
Avoidance… Chinatown, Little Haiti
Deviance… crime and delinquency
Defiance… Militant takeovers, riots
Acceptance… Native Americans, Blacks

5. Consequences of Minority-Group Status
Negative Self-Image
The result of social conditioning, differential treatment, or both, causing people or groups to believe themselves inferior
Can cause people to accept their fate passively
Can encourage personal shame for possessing undesired qualities or antipathy toward other members of the group for possessing them
A girl like me…..

6. The Vicious Circle
Sometimes the relationship between prejudice and discrimination is circular, Gunnar Myrdal referred to this pattern as cumulative causation
A vicious circle in which prejudice and discrimination perpetuate each other
The pattern of expectation and reaction may produce desirable or undesirable results
Housing projects…..
Underfunded and segregated schools…

7. Marginality
Minority group members sometimes find themselves caught in a conflict between their own identity and values and the necessity to behave in a certain way to gain acceptance by the dominant group
Marginality usually arises when a member of a minority group is passing through a transitional period
Children of immigrants….

8. Dominant-Group Responses
Legislative Controls
If the influx of racial and ethnic groups appears to the dominant group to be too great for a country to absorb, or if prejudicial fears prevail, the nation may enact measures to regulate or restrict their entry
To maintain a paternalistic social system, the dominant group frequently restricts the subordinate group’s education and voting opportunities

9. Dominant-Group Responses
Segregation
Spatial segregation
The physical separation of a minority people from the rest of society
Dejure and Defacto segregation
Social segregation
Involves confining participation in social, service, political, and other types of activities to members of the in-group
Unions, government jobs

10. Dominant-Group Responses
Expulsion
Mass expulsion is an effort to drive out a group that is seen as a social problem rather than attempting to resolve the problem cooperatively
It depends in part on how sensitive the country is to world opinion, which in turn is related to the country’s economic dependence on other nations
In 1838, the United States government forcibly removed more than 16,000 Cherokee Indian people from their homelands in Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, and Georgia, and sent them to Indian Territory (today known as Oklahoma). The impact to the Cherokee was devastating. Hundreds of Cherokee died during their trip west, and thousands more perished from the consequences of relocation. This tragic chapter in American and Cherokee history became known as the Trail of Tears, and culminated the implementation of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which mandated the removal of all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River to lands in the West.

11. Dominant-Group Responses
Xenophobia
The undue fear of or contempt for strangers or foreigners
This almost hysterical response begins with ethnocentric views
Ethnocentrism encourages the creation of negative stereotypes that can escalate through some catalyst into a highly emotional reaction
Japanese Interment camps

12. Dominant-Group Responses
Annihilation
Killing all the men, women, and children of a particular group
In modern times, various countries have used extermination as a means of solving the so-called race problem
Holocaust and genocides
Annihilation sometimes occurs unintentionally
Lynching and civil war

14. Dominant-Group Responses
Hate crimes
Many states have passed laws mandating severe punishments for persons convicted of these crimes
Federal law permits federal prosecution of a hate crime as a civil rights violation if the assailant intended to prevent the victim from exercising a “federally protected right”

17. Theories of Minority Integration
Assimilation (Majority-Conformity) Theory
The functioning within a society of racial or ethnic minority-group members who lack any marked cultural, social, or personal differences from the people of the majority group
Types of assimilation
Cultural assimilation
Marital assimilation
Structural assimilation

18. Theories of Minority Integration
Amalgamation (Melting Pot) Theory
All the diverse peoples blend their biological and cultural differences into an altogether new breed—the American
Accommodation (Pluralistic) Theory
Minorities can maintain their distinctive subcultures and simultaneously interact with relative equality in the larger society