1. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Groups and Organizations

2. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Bell Work Grab books And Note sheets in back Read opening story up to Social Groups

3. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Social Group Two or more people who identify and interact with one another. Not every collection of individuals forms a group. Many people with a status in common– women, homeowners, soldiers, millionaires, college graduates, and Roman Catholics–aren’t groups but categories.

4. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Not Quite a Social Group Crowd –Temporary cluster of people –A group can have temporal status A crowd can become a group, then a crowd again. –A large gathering of people at a football game –A crowd that begins to riot might be considered a group.

5. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Primary Groups Traits –Small 1.Personal orientation Share activities, spend time together 2.Enduring Members think of it as end in itself rather than means to end Primary relationships 1.Family First group experienced in life 2.Members viewed as unique and irreplaceable Small social groups whose members share personal, lasting relationships.

6. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Secondary Groups Traits  Large membership (impersonal)  Goal or activity orientation –Formal and polite Secondary relationships  Weak emotional ties  Short term Examples –Co-workers and political organizations A large, impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity.

7. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Group Leadership Read Section Two roles –Instrumental: Task-oriented –Expressive: People-oriented Three leadership styles –Authoritarian: Leader makes decisions; Compliance from members –Democratic: Member involvement –Laissez-faire: Mainly let group function on its own

8. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Lesson Closing Group Activity 4 people will be told to perform/demonstrate a leadership style –Others in the group have to guess independently Task #1 –Write vocabulary definitions Social groups, primary group, sec. group, Instrumental/expressive leadership

9. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Bell Work Get Books Read: All of Group Conformity Section Take notes along w/ slides Watch videos and pay attention

10. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Group Conformity Studies Asch’s research –Willingness to compromise our own judgments –Line experiment: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6LH10-3H8k http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6LH10-3H8k Milgram’s research –Role authority plays –Following orders http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=274wQJmdRQg Janis’s research –Negative side of groupthink Groupthink: Tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue

11. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Reference Group Stouffer’s research –We compare ourselves in relation to specific reference groups. In-groups and out-groups –Loyalty to in-group –Opposition to out-groups A social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions

12. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Group Size The dyad –A two-member group –Very intimate, but unstable given its size The triad –A three-member group –More stable than a dyad and more types of interaction are possible

13. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Lesson Closing Task #1 in folders Complete Your Turns on pages 170 and 173 Can complete these tasks while finishing “Wild Child”

14. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Bell Work Get Books and Folders

15. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Social Diversity: Race, Class, and Gender Larger groups turn inward. –Members have relationships between themselves. Heterogeneous groups turn outward. –Diverse membership promotes interaction with outsiders. (other groups) –More Social parity= forming more ties w/ diverse backgrounds Physical boundaries create social boundaries. –If segregation of groups takes place, the chances for contact are limited. Networks –Web of weak social ties, people we know of or who know of us

16. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Formal Organizations Utilitarian –Material rewards for members Normative –Voluntary organizations –Ties to personal morality Coercive –Punishment or treatment –Total institutions Large secondary groups organized to achieve goals efficiently; date back thousands of years.

17. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Bureaucracy Max Weber’s six elements to promote organizational efficiency: –Specialization of duties –Hierarchy of offices –Rules and regulations –Technical competence –Impersonality –Formal, written communications An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently

18. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Organizational Environment Factors outside an organization that affect its operation: –Economic and political trends –Current events –Population patterns –Other organizations Informal side of bureaucracy –In part, informality comes from the personalities of organizational leaders.

19. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Problems of Bureaucracies Bureaucratic alienation –Potential to dehumanize individuals Bureaucratic inefficiency and ritualism –Preoccupation with rules, interferes with meeting goals Bureaucratic inertia –Perpetuation of the organization Oligarchy: The rule of the many by the few Helps distance officials from the public. Michels: Concentrates power and threatens democracy

20. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. The Evolution of Formal Organizations Scientific Management Application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or large organization 1. Identify tasks and time needed for tasks 2. Analyze to perform tasks more efficiently 3. Provide incentives for worker efficiency

21. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. New Challenges to Formal Organizations Race and gender –Pattern of exclusion –“Female advantage” Japanese organizations –Value cooperation –Organizational loyalty Changing nature of work –Information-based organizations –Creative autonomy, competitive work teams, flatter organization, and greater flexibility

22. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. McDonaldization of Society Efficiency: Do it quickly Uniformity: Leave nothing to chance Control: Humans are most unreliable factor Each principle limits human creativity, choice, and freedom. Weber: Rational systems are efficient but dehumanizing.

23. Sociology, 12 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Future of Organizations: Opposing Trends Movement toward more creative freedom for highly skilled information workers Movement toward increased supervision and discipline for less skilled service workers