1. MISSIONS IN SUPPORT OF NATIONAL OBJECTIVES
4/22/2017
MISSIONS IN SUPPORT OF NATIONAL OBJECTIVES

2. OVERVIEW Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt Operation Urgent Fury/Grenada
4/22/2017
Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt
Operation Urgent Fury/Grenada
Operation El Dorado Canyon/Libya
Operation Just Cause/Panama
Operation Restore Hope/Somalia
In this lesson we will discuss:
1. Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt
2. Operation Urgent Fury/Grenada
3. Operation El Dorado Canyon/Libyan Strike
4. Operation Just Cause/Panama

3. IRANIAN HOSTAGE RESCUE
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IRANIAN HOSTAGE RESCUE
Reasons for the Takeover
Long time friend of U.S.
Weapons, technology for oil
Took upon himself, role of Gulf policeman with American weapons to back it up
Brutality of secret police
Western materialism and moral values?
Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt
Reasons for the Takeover
The seeds of the crisis can be directly traced at least as far back as 1978, when it became clear that the Muslim fundamentalist led revolution against the Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi government had split Iran badly.

4. IRANIAN HOSTAGE RESCUE
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IRANIAN HOSTAGE RESCUE
The Takeover
Arranged from France
Shah was in bad health
Could not contain large demonstrations
Shah flees to Egypt
Ayatollah Khomeini greeted by 2M, Jan 1979
American’s evacuated except for 75 embassy employees
Islamic fundamentalist government becomes more extreme
U.S. relations get worse, much worse
Angry mob seized U.S. embassy and held 70 employees
1 Iranian employee killed and 2 marines wounded before government restores order
President Carter won’t withdraw remaining employees
Shah enters U.S. for medical treatment
500 extremist students take embassy, 61 hostages, Nov ‘79
53 held hostage for 444 days
Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt
Reasons for the Takeover
The seeds of the crisis can be directly traced at least as far back as 1978, when it became clear that the Muslim fundamentalist led revolution against the Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi government had split Iran badly.

5. IRANIAN HOSTAGE RESCUE ATTEMPT
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IRANIAN HOSTAGE RESCUE ATTEMPT
The Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt
Planning begins Nov 1979
Plans for use if militants begin killing hostages
April 1980, plan began
8 helicopters from aircraft carrier in Arabian Sea
6 C-130s
Desert One, remote landing strip 265 miles from target
Desert Two, remote hide site 50 miles from target
Vans and trucks into Tehran and back
Storm embassy, overpower guards, free hostages
Board helicopters at embassy or nearby soccer stadium
2 AC-130 gunships to provide necessary firepower to prevent reinforcements from retaking embassy
Take isolated airfield for helicopter to C-141 transfer
Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt
Reasons for the Takeover
The seeds of the crisis can be directly traced at least as far back as 1978, when it became clear that the Muslim fundamentalist led revolution against the Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi government had split Iran badly.

6. IRANIAN HOSTAGE RESCUE ATTEMPT
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IRANIAN HOSTAGE RESCUE ATTEMPT
The Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt
Extremely complex
Cooperation of Egypt and Oman, special forces assault team, Army rangers, C-141/C-130 crews/maintenance, Marine pilots, Navy helicopters, Iranian collaborators, 3 landing zones, refueling operation, and 175 men inside Iran for 48 hours
3 helicopters inoperable at Desert One, one of them sliced into C-130 setting both on fire, killing 8 men
Remainder of rescue force loaded on remaining C-130s
Helicopters, weapons, equipment, maps, secret documents, and the 8 dead left behind
Negotiated return Jan 1981
Lessons Learned
Improved Weather forecasting
Back-up helicopters (available, but not used)
Intelligence data exchange among government agencies
Clear chain of command
Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt
Reasons for the Takeover
The seeds of the crisis can be directly traced at least as far back as 1978, when it became clear that the Muslim fundamentalist led revolution against the Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi government had split Iran badly.

7. OPERATION URGENT FURY GRENADA
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OPERATION URGENT FURY GRENADA
Historical Perspective
Former British colony, 95% African/mixed decent
Spice exports; nutmeg, mace, cloves; later tourism
Bloody history
Discovered by Columbus, 1498
Original inhabitants slaughtered by French, ~1650, because they wouldn’t submit to French rule
150 years of war and rebellion
French vs. British, slaves
Secured by British, 1803
Independence in 1974
Elections, 1967 to 1979, odd nut Gairy
Spiritualism, psychic events,
unearthly life and UFOs
Social problems; unemployment
Grenada, a former British colony, is a small Caribbean island in a chain that runs for 400 miles from the east of Puerto Rico to the coast of Venezuela.

8. OPERATION URGENT FURY GRENADA
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OPERATION URGENT FURY GRENADA
The Coup
Gairy goes to New York to discuss UFOs
Bloodless coup
Coup welcomed by most
Hoped for new era w/o corruption and brutality
Bishop as bad as Gairy, no elections, no free press
Aid from Cuba and USSR
Soviet Involvement in the Caribbean Basin
Soviet advisors and equipment through Cuba
Foreign aid; $40M Cuba, $4M Syria/Iraq, $2M Algeria, $6M Libya accompanied by military advisors; 110K people, 9K soldiers
Indications, Warnings, and the U.S. Response
Grenada was going well for Cuba by fall 1983
Economy still suffering, strained relations
Under pressure from Cuba supported opposition
Coup within own party, leaders executed
Government in chaos
Neighbors perceived threat to peace and stability
Grenada, a former British colony, is a small Caribbean island in a chain that runs for 400 miles from the east of Puerto Rico to the coast of Venezuela.

9. OPERATION URGENT FURY GRENADA
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OPERATION URGENT FURY GRENADA
The Invasion: Operations Urgent Fury
Organization of East Caribbean States asked U.S. to act
Strong concern for U.S. citizens living there
Political and Military Objectives
Protect and evacuate 1,000 U.S. citizens
Offset the Grenadian and Cuban military forces
Steady internal situation to help restore democratic government
Marines to capture northern airport
Rangers to capture medical school and southern airport
SEALs capture government radio station
350 man Caribbean peacekeeping force
Lessons Learned
Lack of detailed maps, destroyed mental hospital
U.S. intelligence underestimated Cuban personnel
Lack of coordinated communications
Grenada, a former British colony, is a small Caribbean island in a chain that runs for 400 miles from the east of Puerto Rico to the coast of Venezuela.

10. EL DORADO CANYON LIBYA The Coup
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EL DORADO CANYON LIBYA
The Coup
680K sq mi, 2x Texas, 1.5 million; no one cared
38 oil companies, 10,000 citizens
Rags to riches almost overnight
Redirected 70% of revenue back to people
Anti-Israeli and anti-Western sentiment growing
King in Turkey getting treatment for leg ailment
Bloodless coup, assured status quo, Sept
Impeached King Idris I (79), 1969
Revolutions in the Arab world are normally led by generals or at least colonels and majors, certainly not by lieutenants and captains as was the case in Libya.
This was to be the first of many important breaks with tradition for this small, oil-rich country.
Libya had gone from rags to riches under the rule of King Idris with the help of American oil companies.

11. EL DORADO CANYON LIBYA Qaddafi, Premier of the Revolutionary Council
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EL DORADO CANYON LIBYA
Qaddafi, Premier of the Revolutionary Council
Army Lt just 10 days before coup
Kicked British and U.S. out of country, Oct
Bought weapons from France, large enough to give every soldier his own personal tank and fighter
Qaddafi affirmed policy of “absolute neutrality”
Increased support to terrorist, revolutionary groups
Eagerly provided money, training, logistical support
Established terrorist training bases
Provided funds, weapons, and training for 1972 Olympic killing
$12B weapons deal with USSR, 1972, $$$$ for USSR
$2.3B more, 1974, included subsidized purchases for Syria and Ethiopia
2,000 attack U.S. embassy
Embassy gets no help from government, 1979
Often rejected by other Arab leaders
Revolutions in the Arab world are normally led by generals or at least colonels and majors, certainly not by lieutenants and captains as was the case in Libya.
This was to be the first of many important breaks with tradition for this small, oil-rich country.
Libya had gone from rags to riches under the rule of King Idris with the help of American oil companies.

12. EL DORADO CANYON LIBYA U.S. Strategy
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EL DORADO CANYON LIBYA
U.S. Strategy
As reaction to Vietnam, U.S. reaction is isolationism
Continued military aid until 1975
U.S. begins surveillance flights into Gulf of Sidra, 1972
Libyan fighters respond, Gulf claimed as Libyan territory
Libyan fighters attack EC-135, 1980
8 vs. 1
Full page ad in Washington Post
U.S. virtually ignores Libya
Reagan takes hard line, 1981
Hard-line against terrorism
Freedom of Navigation, August
2 carriers within 40 miles
130 Libyan flights, 1st day
2 aircraft attack, both shot down
Libya continues terrorism
Attacks at Rome and Vienna
airports,
Dec, 1985
Qaddafi openly admits aid
Revolutions in the Arab world are normally led by generals or at least colonels and majors, certainly not by lieutenants and captains as was the case in Libya.
This was to be the first of many important breaks with tradition for this small, oil-rich country.
Libya had gone from rags to riches under the rule of King Idris with the help of American oil companies.

13. EL DORADO CANYON LIBYA Crossing the Libyan Line of Death
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EL DORADO CANYON LIBYA
Crossing the Libyan Line of Death
Another FON exercise, Mar 86
Qaddafi declares line of death across 32nd parallel
5 surface-to-air missiles, 24 Mar
All Libyan forces declared “hostile”
2 A-6Es fire on patrol boat
3 missile patrol boats, 2 radar sites, 27 Mar
No casualties or damage
Qaddafi frantic
Claims 3 aircraft and driving away U.S.
Sponsors bombing of discotheque in West Berlin frequented by U.S. Servicemen
2 killed, 230 injured, 50 Americans
U.S. intelligence links Qaddafi with attack
Additional links to planned attacks
Rocket attack of U.S. Embassy, Beirut
Assassination of U.S. Ambassador to France
Killing of U.S. diplomats in Beirut
Recruited European and Palestinian hit men
Leader of PLO told U.S. to avoid blame
Revolutions in the Arab world are normally led by generals or at least colonels and majors, certainly not by lieutenants and captains as was the case in Libya.
This was to be the first of many important breaks with tradition for this small, oil-rich country.
Libya had gone from rags to riches under the rule of King Idris with the help of American oil companies.

14. EL DORADO CANYON LIBYA Preparation for Action The Attack
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EL DORADO CANYON LIBYA
Preparation for Action
USAFE and Navy aircraft w/ British support
Send message to terrorists and sponsors
At night, fewer civilians and less risk
24 F-111s, 5 EF-111s, 28 tankers
70 A-6s, A-7s, F/A-18s, F-14s, EA-6Bs
The Attack
Surface-to-air missile and anti-aircraft sites
Qaddafi’s HQ, terrorist training site and military airfield around Tripoli
Military airfield, terrorist training facility and alternate command post around Benghazi
15 hour flight, 12 minute attack, 1 F-111 lost, 4 of 5 main targets severely damaged, coordination superb
Political Objective
Alter behavior
Qaddafi seriously scales back support
Revolutions in the Arab world are normally led by generals or at least colonels and majors, certainly not by lieutenants and captains as was the case in Libya.
This was to be the first of many important breaks with tradition for this small, oil-rich country.
Libya had gone from rags to riches under the rule of King Idris with the help of American oil companies.

15. EL DORADO CANYON LIBYA Lessons Learned
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EL DORADO CANYON LIBYA
Lessons Learned
Military option effective against state sponsored terrorism
Technology can’t ensure against U.S. military or collateral damage
Modern high-technology systems work and work well
15-month-old girl said to have been Libyan leader Colonel Qaddafi's adopted daughter, Hanna, was killed and two of his sons injured
Gaddafi himself was thought to have been the main target but, although a bomb exploded near his tent and other bombs destroyed his house in the capital, he was not harmed
In all, at least 15 civilians died in the attacks, together with an unknown number of Libyan military personnel
Revolutions in the Arab world are normally led by generals or at least colonels and majors, certainly not by lieutenants and captains as was the case in Libya.
This was to be the first of many important breaks with tradition for this small, oil-rich country.
Libya had gone from rags to riches under the rule of King Idris with the help of American oil companies.

16. OPERATION JUST CAUSE PANAMA
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OPERATION JUST CAUSE PANAMA
United States/Panamanian Relations
1,000 miles south of Florida
Spanish colony, 1500s-1821
Independent, struggle with Columbia,
Increased U.S. interest during California gold rush
3 U.S. companies build railroad, 1857
1st attempt to build canal fails, 1889
2nd attempt led by U.S. government,
Support Panama independence
Establish canal zone administered by U.S.
Get Yellow Fever under control
Many grievances by Panama against U.S.
Not all groups benefited equally
Group in power benefited most
Most grievances were petty and nearly always offset by advantages for someone, just not the group grieving
But by 1510, Vasco Nunez de Balboa had established a successful colony.
Nine years later, Panama Viejo, the predecessor of Panama City, was founded on the Pacific Ocean, and the Spanish administration moved to the present-day area of Panama City.

17. OPERATION JUST CAUSE PANAMA
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OPERATION JUST CAUSE PANAMA
U.S. Panamanian Relations after World War II
More Americans arrive and bring increase to problems
4 U.S. bases, 10,000 U.S. troops, government civilians
Americans had extraordinary privileges
Canal had become less important to U.S. military, commerce, and Panamanian economy
Control of canal passed to Panama, 1999
Panamanian Politics
Conflict between civil government and National Guard
Coup, 1968, ends civilian control
Col Torrijos killed in plane crash, 1981, replaced by Col Flores
LtCol Noriega “retires” Col Flores and officers loyal to him
Rig election
Noriega powerful ally to CIA
U.S. willing to accept election and increased role in drug trade
Increased reports of corruption, brutality and drug trafficking
Noriega steps up harassment of U.S. servicemen and women
But by 1510, Vasco Nunez de Balboa had established a successful colony.
Nine years later, Panama Viejo, the predecessor of Panama City, was founded on the Pacific Ocean, and the Spanish administration moved to the present-day area of Panama City.

18. OPERATION JUST CAUSE PANAMA
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OPERATION JUST CAUSE PANAMA
The Invasion
Oct 1987, 9 servicemen arrested
1,000 incidents in 1988
Jan/Feb 1989, over 60 incidents
Mar ‘89, Panamanian wife of U.S. corporal wounded
6 school buses stopped, drivers threatened
Aug ‘89, sergeant and father beaten
Dec ‘89, Navy Lt killed (failure to stop)
9,500 troops in country, plus 13,000 new troops
AC-130 gunships
Target was Noriega
40 operations across Panama to find him
In weeks before, he moved an average of 5 times a night
False messages and decoy convoys
Sneaked into Papal Nunciatura (Vatican Embassy), 30 days
Forced out by playing “music”
Flown to U.S. for trial on drug charges
But by 1510, Vasco Nunez de Balboa had established a successful colony.
Nine years later, Panama Viejo, the predecessor of Panama City, was founded on the Pacific Ocean, and the Spanish administration moved to the present-day area of Panama City.

19. OPERATION JUST CAUSE PANAMA
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OPERATION JUST CAUSE PANAMA
Political and Military Objectives
Protect American lives
40,000 in and around Panama City, 3% of population
Enforce the Panama Canal Treaties
Restore the democratic process
Bring Noriega to justice
Lessons Learned
Older equipment was most useful because it was lighter
Army realized it needed increased urban warfare training
More civil affairs troops
When dictator is taken down, all forms of government are taken down with him, including law enforcement
Other Interesting Facts
Military Police platoon, Capt Linda Bray, in firefight with PDF
1st women to engage hostile troops
23 troops killed, 3 civilians, 325 wounded
4 times as large, but fewer comm problems than Grenada
But by 1510, Vasco Nunez de Balboa had established a successful colony.
Nine years later, Panama Viejo, the predecessor of Panama City, was founded on the Pacific Ocean, and the Spanish administration moved to the present-day area of Panama City.

20. Operation Restore Hope Somalia
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UN sanctioned, Dec 1992-May 1993
To avert growing humanitarian disaster
UNOSOM I and UNOSOM II
Historical Perspective
Jan 1991, overthrow of leader of Somalia, Said Barre
At least 5 different groups, all trying for control
Sept 1991, fighting in Mogadishu spreads across country
20,000 killed/injured, agriculture destroyed
International food supplies sent to halt starvation
~80% food stolen by local clan leaders, exchanged for weapons
300,000 died, 1.5M suffered,
UNOSOM I, U.N. sponsored oversight, Aug 1992
10 C-130s and 400 people deployed to Mombasa, Kenya
Most food still looted directly upon landing
In this lesson we discussed:
1. Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt
2. Operation Urgent Fury/Grenada
3. Operation El Dorado Canyon/Libyan Strike
4. Operation Just Cause/Panama

21. Operation Restore Hope Somalia
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Operation Restore Hope
Dec 1992, Operation Restore Hope, President Bush offers 25,000 troops to oversee relief operation
Clinton shifted the mission from delivering food supplies to nation-building
UNOSOM II, U.N. re-assumed responsibility, May 1993
60 Army helicopters and ~1,000 personnel,
President Clinton reduces U.S. presence, returns primary role back to U.N.
28,000 troops, 26 countries
5 June, Pakistani troops attempted to inspect weapons storage sites, 24 killed, 80 wounded, Warlord Aideed blamed
12-16 June, U.S. troops w/ AC-130 gunships, attack targets in Mogadishu connected to Aideed
19 June, $25,000 bounty issued for Aideed
In this lesson we discussed:
1. Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt
2. Operation Urgent Fury/Grenada
3. Operation El Dorado Canyon/Libyan Strike
4. Operation Just Cause/Panama

22. Operation Restore Hope Somalia
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UNOSOM II (cont)
12 July, raid on meeting house, 8 prisoners, documents, radios, and weapons seized
Agenda (advertised in local newspaper) to discuss ways to peacefully resolve the conflict between Aideed and the multinational task force in Somalia, and perhaps even to remove Aideed as leader of the clan
More than 50 of the clan elders, the oldest and most respected in their community, were dead
Several journalists remained behind, 4 beaten to death
8 Aug, Rangers, Delta Force and Task Force-160 (Special Ops aviators) deployed to capture Aideed
In this lesson we discussed:
1. Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt
2. Operation Urgent Fury/Grenada
3. Operation El Dorado Canyon/Libyan Strike
4. Operation Just Cause/Panama

23. Operation Restore Hope Somalia
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UNOSOM II (cont)
3-4 Oct 1993, raid on Olympic Hotel, “Black Hawk Down”
Assault team and ground convoy wait twenty minutes just out of sight of each other, ready to move, each thought they were to be first contacted by the other
500-1,500 militia and civilians dead, 3,000-4,000 wounded
2 MH-60 Black Hawks downed by rocket-propelled grenades, 3 damaged
18 U.S. troops killed, 73 wounded; 1 killed, 7 wounded
No contingency planning or coordination with U.N. forces had been arranged prior to the operation
Rangers and Delta Force rescued by 10th Mountain Div with Malaysian (APCs) and Pakistani (tanks) forces
1st crash site reached and trapped soldiers led out
2nd crash site overrun, lone surviving American pilot taken prisoner but later released
SECDEF had determined U.S. armor was not needed, so none available, resigned Dec under much public criticism
Oct 1993, armored battalion sent to restore/maintain order
Last U.S. forces leave, Mar 1994
In this lesson we discussed:
1. Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt
2. Operation Urgent Fury/Grenada
3. Operation El Dorado Canyon/Libyan Strike
4. Operation Just Cause/Panama

24. CONCLUSION Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt
4/22/2017
Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt
Operation Urgent Fury/Grenada
Operation El Dorado Canyon/Libya
Operation Just Cause/Panama
Operation Restore Hope/Somalia
In this lesson we discussed:
1. Iranian Hostage Rescue Attempt
2. Operation Urgent Fury/Grenada
3. Operation El Dorado Canyon/Libyan Strike
4. Operation Just Cause/Panama