1. Prosocial Behaviour: Why Do People Help?

2. What is Altruism? Rooted in the Latin word alter – meaning other Altruism – means “living for others” Key component – selflessness – an unselfish regard for the welfare of others

3. Altruism vs. Prosocial Behavior Altruism – “refers to acts that are carried out voluntarily by individuals who have no concern for themselves and who have no expectation of any kind of reward.” Altruism is the desire to help others, even if it involves a cost to the helper.

4. What motivates people to help others?

5. Motivation to Help: Evolutionary Theories Perhaps helping behavior is a matter of natural selection. Darwin suggested that “altruistic animals risk the survival of their genes by engaging in self-sacrificing behaviors that threaten their long-term reproductive potential.” There are three ways that altruistic genes might be passed on: Kin Selection Reciprocity Social Norms

6. Motivation to Help: Social Exchange Theory The decision to help others involves a cost- benefit analysis (maximize our outcomes and minimize our costs)

7. Empathy and Altruism: The Pure Motive for Helping Empathy: The ability to experience events and emotions the way another person experiences them.

8. Motivation to Help: Batson’s Model – Empathy- Altruism Batson argues that true altruism does exist and that empathy is what sets it apart as altruism He argues that a person’s motivation for helping may involve urges that are either egoistic or altruistic.

9. Why Do People Help? Empathy-Altruism Theory Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education Canada

10. Personal Determinants of Prosocial Behaviour: Individual Differences

11. Personal Determinants Altruistic Personality Gender Differences SES Cultural Differences Mood Attractiveness

12. Situational Determinants of Prosocial Behaviour

13. ¢ Rural Vs. Urban

14. Bystander Intervention: The Latané and Darley Model Bystander Effect: The greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them will help

16. Aggression: Why We Hurt Others

17. What is Aggression? Aggression is intentional behaviour aimed at causing either physical or psychological pain. Instrumental Aggression: Aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain. Hostile Aggression: An act of aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury.

18. ¢ Is Aggression Inborn or Learned?. ¢ Freud elaborated on the more pessimistic view that brutish traits are part of human nature.

19. Is Aggression Instinctual? Situational? Optional? The Evolutionary Argument Males are theorized to aggress for two reasons: 1. Males behave aggressively to establish dominance over other males. The idea here is that the female will choose the male who is most likely to provide the best genes and the greatest protection and resources for their offspring. 2. Males aggress "jealously" in order to ensure that their mate(s) are not copulating with others. This ensures their paternity. Research supporting the evolutionary perspective is provocative but inconclusive because it is impossible to conduct a definitive experiment.

20. Neural and Chemical Influences on Aggression Aggressive behaviors in human beings, as well as in the lower animals, are associated with an area in the core of the brain called the amygdale. When the amygdale is stimulated, docile organisms become violent. Similarly, when neural activity in that area is blocked, violent organisms become docile.

21. Gender and Aggression Boys and men act more aggressively than girls and women. The latter are more likely to use covert aggression (e.g., spreading rumours). In Canada, although the rate of violent crime by females has almost doubled in the past 20 years, the rate by males is still four times higher.

22. Alcohol and Aggression Research shows that the more people drink, the more likely they are to behave aggressively (Graham & Wells,2001). Family violence, bullying, and dating aggression is associated with alcohol use.

23. Imitation and Aggression Children frequently learn to solve conflicts aggressively by imitating adults and their peers, especially when they see that the aggression is rewarded.

24. In a classic series of experiments, Albert Bandura and his associates demonstrated the power of social learning.

25. Violence in the Media: TV, Movies, and Video Games

26. EFFECTS ON CHILDREN The more TV violence individuals watch as children, the more violence they exhibit later as teens and young adults. Watching a violent film has the effect of increasing the number of aggressive acts committed during a game—primarily by the youngsters who already rated as highly aggressive by their teachers.

27. EFFECTS ON CHILDREN Playing violent video games seems to have the same kind of impact on children that watching TV violence does. Violent video game playing positively correlates with aggressive behavior and delinquency in children.

28. What About Adults? The amount of time spent watching television during adolescence and early adulthood correlates positively with likelihood of subsequent violent acts against others. This association was significant regardless of parental education, family income, and neighborhood violence.