1. Experiments Unit 2 – Mod 5

2. Experiment Carefully controlled method of investigation used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship Experimenter purposely manipulates and controls selected variables

3. Variables Independent Variable (IV) – Factor that is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter. Dependent Variable (DV) – Factor that is measured by the experimenter – Affected by IV

4. Let’s Practice… An experimenter wants to determine if playing violent video games increases the frequency of aggressive behavior in children. An experimenter wants to determine the relationship between rehearsal/repetition of a list of definitions of difficult SAT vocabulary words and later recall of these definitions.

5. Operational Definition Precise description of how the variable in a study will be manipulated and measured.

6. Experiment Experimental Group – Participants who get the treatment (independent variable) Control Group – Participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions except the independent variable.

7. Confounding Variables Differences between the experimental group and the control groups other than the IV Have an unwanted influence on the outcome of an experiment Example… – In a study measuring the impact of playing violent video games on the frequency of aggression in children – Confounding variables Income level of kid’s parents Incidence of child abuse

8. Experimental Controls Purpose – Used to ensure that all groups in the experiment are treated exactly the same, except for the IV Problems – Experimenter bias – Sample bias – research participants are not representative

9. Solutions to stop bias Random assignment – Minimizes pre-existing differences between groups Placebo – An inactive substance or fake treatment often used as a control technique in drug research

10. Solutions Single-blind study – Procedure in which the subjects do not know whether they are in the experiment or control group Double-blind study – Procedure in which neither the researcher nor the participant knows which group

11. Advantages Identifies cause-and-effect Distinguish between real and placebo effects Control bias with double-blind Allows for replication

12. Disadvantages Artificial lab conditions that do not correspond to real-life situations Can be compromised by confounding variables Susceptible to researcher and participant biases Raises ethical questions when subjects are deceived