1. Ch. 12.4: Reconstruction in Te xas

2. Reconstruction 1. Def.: the federal government’s plan to restore the South to the Union after the Civil War

3. Presidential Reconstruction 2. Lincoln’s plan – he wanted to reunited the country as quickly as possible

4. Presidential Reconstruction 3. with Lincoln’s death, it was up to Johnson to make it work

5. Reconstruction 4. Conditions southern states would have to meet: a.C onfederate states had to set up temporary governments 1 of 3

6. Reconstruction 4. Conditions southern states would have to meet: b.had to end slavery and declare secession illegal 2 of 3

7. Reconstruction 4. Conditions southern states would have to meet: c. all adult white males had to take an oath of loyalty to the U.S. 3 of 3

8. Reconstruction 5. Andrew J. Hamilton (a former U.S. Congressman from Texas) was named provisional governor of Texas – he would run Texas until a new constitution could be written and approved and a new government could be elected

9. Constitution of 1866 6. delegates accepted most of President Johnson’s terms: a.they ended slavery and declared secession illegal 1 of 2

10. Constitution of 1866 6. delegates accepted most of President Johnson’s terms: b.African Americans received some rights – but not the right to vote or hold public office 1 of 2

11. Reconstruction 7. June, 1866: Texans accepted the new constitution and elected a new government, including James Throckmorton as governor

12. Black Codes 8. Def.: laws passed by state legislatures to control African Americans

13. Black Codes 9. Examples: prevented African Americans from serving on juries and from holding public office; African Americans would also face arrest if they were not working

14. 10. established by the federal government to help newly freed slaves, known as freedmen Freedmen’s Bureau

15. 11. its job was to protect freedmen from violence and black codes; provide food and health care; and 1 of 2

16. Freedmen’s Bureau 11. help adults obtain jobs and set up schools for their children 2 of 2

17. Freedmen’s Bureau 12. it was closed in 1868

18. 13.Republicans thought Presidential Reconstruction was too lenient or easy on the South – they did not approve of voters electing Confederate leaders to high office Congress’ reaction

19. 14. they disliked the fact that many southern states, including Texas, did not approve the 13 th and 14 th amendments to the U.S. Constitution 1 of 4

20. Congress’ reaction 14. a. amendments: a formal change 2 of 4

21. Congress’ reaction 14. b. 13 th amendment: banned slavery 3 of 4

22. Congress’ reaction 14. c. 14 th amendment: made all African Americans U.S. citizens 4 of 4

23. congressional reconstruction 15. Congress passed its plan in 1867

24. congressional reconstruction 16. removed current elected officials and 1 of 3

25. congressional reconstruction 16. placed South states under the control of the army 2 of 3

26. congressional reconstruction 16. General Philip H. Sheridan was put in charge of Texas 3 of 3

27. congressional reconstruction 17. the army would control the southern states until they passed a new constitution that would give African Americans the right to vote and hold office

28. congressional reconstruction 18. ironclad oath all adult white males had to swear that they had never voluntarily supported the Confederacy in order to vote or hold office (women could not vote)

29. congressional reconstruction 18. ironclad oath all adult white males had to sear that they had never voluntarily supported the Confederacy in order to vote or hold office (women could not vote)

30. congressional reconstruction 19. also known as Radical Reconstruction

31. congressional reconstruction 20. carpetbaggers: men from the North who came South after the Civil War to take advantage of the political and economic problems there

32. congressional reconstruction 21. scalaways white southerners who supported Congressional Reconstruction

33. Convention of 1868 22. split into two groups: 1 of 5

34. Convention of 1868 22. a.Radical Republicans: wanted radical or major changes ; led by 2 of 5

35. Convention of 1868 22. a. Edmund J. Davis ; wanted Union supporters to rule Texas 3 of 5

36. Convention of 1868 22. b.Moderate Republicans: wanted moderate or less extreme changes ; led by 4 of 5

37. Convention of 1868 22. b. Andrew J. Hamilton ; wanted Confederates to take part in ruling Texas 5 of 5

38. Constitution of 1868 23. organized Texas along the lines of most Northern states giving Texas a strong central government (in the past, Texas had a weak government in Austin)

39. Constitution of 1868 24. African Americans and former Confederates had the right to vote

40. Constitution of 1868 25. governor gained new powers to appoint judges and other officials

41. Constitution of 1868 26. for the first time, all children were required to go to school

42. Constitution of 1868 27. tax money was provided to build schools

43. Constitution of 1868 28. the constitution was approved and Edmund J. Davis was elected governor

44. Constitution of 1868 29. March 30, 1870: Texas was readmitted to the Union

45. The End of Reconstruction

46. Gov. Davis 30. critics: Davis created a state police force that he used to arrest his opponents, postponed elections, and raised taxes

47. Gov. Davis 31. the state police force was used to capture outlaws; taxes were used to build roads and schools, and help defend the frontier (he did postponed elections)

48. Gov. Davis 32. encouraged more people to settle in Texas – a new homestead law gave settlers 150 acres for free if they stayed on the land for three years

49. Gov. Davis 33. 1872: Davis’ opponents were elected to the state legislature and started to reduce the governor’s power

50. Gov. Davis 34. 1873: Davis lost re-election to Richard Coke, a former Confederate officer

51. Gov. Davis 35. Davis refused to accept his defeat and asked President Grant to send federal troops to Texas to keep him in office – Grant refused

53. Economic changes 36. by the end of Reconstruction Texans raised more cotton than before production of wheat and corn also increased

54. Economic changes 37. Reason for increase: the number of settlers moving west and the expansion of railroads

55. Economic changes 38. Texans also began to develop more industries

56. Economic changes 39. the state’s overall economy, however, still remained as it had been before the war: rural (more people living in the country, not in the city) and agriculture

57. Sharecropper system 40. Under the sharecropper system, 1 of 3

58. Sharecropper system 40. a. landowners provided the farm land, tools, and seeds 2 of 3 b.sharecroppers (farmers) worked the land

59. Sharecropper system 40. c. sharecroppers gave half of the value of their crops to the landowner in payment 3 of 3

60. new people in Texas 41. much of the South had suffered destruction during the Civil War 1 of 2

61. new people in Texas 42. war damage and lack of jobs led many people to move west 2 of 2

62. constitution of 1876 43. reason for writing a new constitution: since the days of Spanish rule, Texans had not trusted a strong central government this led them to resent the Constitution of 1869

63. constitution of 1876 44. the Constitution of 1876 cut the governor’s power to appoint officials, limited elected leaders to two year terms; all males, including African Americans, had the right to vote (women, Native Americans could not)

64. constitution of 1876 45. this constitution is the one we operate under today – it is very detailed and required citizens to vote on any changes

65. constitution of 1876 46. Texas has one of the weakest governors of any state

66. reconstruction ends 47. Presidential election of 1876: both the Republicans and the Democrats claimed to have won the election

67. reconstruction ends 48. the two parties cut a deal: the Republican candidate became president and Reconstruction in the South came to an end