1. COMMUNICATION & PRESENTATION SKILLS ORAL PRESENTATION

2. OUTLINE WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? THE FOUR SKILLS MAIN POINTS TO REMEMBER ABOUT ORAL PRESENTATION DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS

3. I. WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? Any communication involves SIX basic elements: CONTEXT CODE [ENCODING][DECODING] SENDER —————— RECEIVER CONTACT MESSAGE

4. I.WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? (CONTINUED) The nature of communication changes, depending upon which element we want to emphasize. Thus, we have SIX corresponding types of communication.

5. WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? (CONTINUED) CONTEXT: REFERENTIAL / DESCRIPTIVE CODE: METALINGUAL SENDER: ————— RECEIVER: EXPRESSIVE / CONATIVE/ EMOTIVE PERSUASIVE CONTACT : PHATIC / R1TUAUSTIC MESSAGE: POETIC / AESTHETIC

6. WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? (CONTINUED) FEEDBACK: It is important to remember that this is NOT a one-way process; the RECEIVER is also the ENCODER AND SENDER of FEEDBACK (e.g. clapping, yawning, etc.) which the SENDER must RECEIVE AND DECODE.

7. WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? (CONTINUED) NOISE: This includes all those elements that interfere with or hamper the process of communication: e.g., (i) in oral communication, faulty pronunciation or a very high speed of utterance; (ii) in written communication, long documents without paragraph breaks;

8. WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? (CONTINUED) (iii) verbal overload: compare 1a. Students who get involved at school and college learn best. 1b. The amount of student learning and personal development associated with any educational programme is directly proportional to the quality and quantity of student involvement in that programme. 2a. Good schools and colleges try to get students involved. 2b. The effectiveness of any educational policy or practice is directly related to the capacity of the policy or practice to improve student involvement in learning.

9. II. THE FOUR SKILLS: SENDING: SPEAKING WRITING RECEIVING: LISTENING READING Each skill may need a separate approach, or they may be integrated into a single approach.

10. MAIN POINTS TO REMEMBER ABOUT ORAL PRESENTATION (i) effective use of visual aids (ii) adequate eye contact : size of the audience (iii) clarity in pronunciation (iv) maintaining a proper speed of presentation (v) posture and body movements suggesting confidence (vi) seeking and making proper use of visual feedback (vii) noting down important points arising out of discussion

11. V. DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS 1. Speech & Writing/Printing: a comparison Speech : pitch, volume, tone, speed, pauses, body movements, facial expressions Writing/Printing: punctuation, capitalization, spacing, margins, fonts

12. V. DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS (continued) 2. Pronunciation of Words: (a) vowel and consonant sounds (comparison of sounds with letters a-z); The letter “a” in : fat, father, fate, about Or the letters “th” in “thin” & “then”. Also notice that (b) word-stress

13. V. DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS (continued) 3. Use of the phonetic script and the (Pronouncing) Dictionary

14. V. DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS (continued) 4. Pronunciation of Sentences: intonation and rhythm

15. Vowels of English (Pure Vowels/Monophthongs) initiallymediallyfinally 1. /i:/ eastsheetkey 2. /I/ ithitduty 3. /e / endsend 4. /æ/ and sand 5. /a:/ artheart car 6. / ɒ / oxfox

16. Vowels of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 7. / ɔ :/ allball saw 8. /U/ put 9. /u:/oozechoosechew 10./  /upcup 11./з:/earnlearn stir 12./ə/ agopolicemaker

17. Vowels of English (continued) Diphthongs 13. /e ɪ / eightstraightstay 14. /ə ʊ / oakjoke slow 15. /a ɪ / icemicemy 16./a ʊ / outshouthow 17. / ɔɪ / oilboilboy 18. / ɪ ə/ earsbeardpeer 19. /eə/ airspairedhare 20. /uə/ curedtour

18. Consonants of English initiallymediallyfinally 1. /p/ pin spinkeep 2. /b/ bintubsclub 3. /t/ tell sticklight 4. /d/ day headslaid 5. /k/ keep skillstick 6. /g/ getjugsbag

19. Consonants of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 7. / ʧ / chin reachedteach 8. / ʤ / jokehingedlarge 9. /m/ metsmoke team 10. /n/ netsnaketin 11. /ŋ/ ringssing 12. /l/ lotflingfull

20. Consonants of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 13 /f/ fansoftif 14. /v/ vanleavesthief 15. / ɵ / thinmonthsbath 16./ ð / thenclothesbathe

21. Consonants of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 17. /s/ siplistless 18. /z/ ziploserbuzz 19. / ʃ / shiprushedhush 20. / ʒ / measurerouge

22. Consonants of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 21. /h/ hotbehave 22. /r/ rottry 23. /w/ wattsweat 24. /j/ yatchtune

23. Word-stress Two-syllable words Stress on first syllable ‘bargain ‘govern ‘secret ‘mischief ‘message ‘cabbage ‘surface ‘furnace ‘husband ‘butcher ‘proverb ‘thorough ‘oven ‘onion ‘compass

24. Word-stress (continued) Stress on second syllable ad’mit for’bid suc’ced sup’press po’lice pay’ee dis’miss ag’ree se’lect re’quest pre’fer re’fer oc’cur ar’rest com’mence per’haps

25. DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS (continued) 3. Use of the phonetic script and the (Pronouncing) Dictionary: International Phonetic Alphabet: free downloading is possible Dictionaries on CD : listening to the pronunciation and it variety (e.g. British & American) now possible

26. DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS (continued) 4. Pronunciation of Sentences: intonation and rhythm INTONATION: rising / (yes /) falling \ (yes \) combination \/ (yes \/) RHYTHM: de dum de dum x ’x ’

27. Vowel sounds of English (Pure Vowels/Monophthongs) initiallymediallyfinally 1. /i:/ eastsheetkey 2. /I/ ithitduty 3. /e / endsend 4. /æ/ and sand 5. /a:/ artheart car 6. / ɒ / oxfox

28. Vowel sounds of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 7. / ɔ :/ allball saw 8. /U/ put 9. /u:/oozechoosechew 10./  /upcup 11./з:/earnlearn stir 12. /ə/agopolicemaker

29. Vowel sounds of English (continued) Diphthongs 13. /e ɪ / eightstraightstay 14. /ə ʊ / oakjoke slow 15. /a ɪ / icemicemy 16./a ʊ / outshouthow 17. / ɔɪ / oilboilboy 18. / ɪ ə/ earsbeardpeer 19. /eə/ airspairedhare 20. /uə/ curedtour

30. Consonant sounds of English initiallymediallyfinally 1. /p/ pin spinkeep 2. /b/ bintubsclub 3. /t/ tell sticklight 4. /d/ day headslaid 5. /k/ keep skillstick 6. /g/ getjugsbag

31. Consonant sounds of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 7. / ʧ / chin reachedteach 8. / ʤ / jokehingedlarge 9. /m/ metsmoke team 10. /n/ netsnaketin 11. /ŋ/ ringssing 12. /l/ lotflingfull

32. Consonant sounds of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 13 /f/ fansoftif 14. /v/ vanleavesthief 15. / ɵ / thinmonthsbath 16./ ð / thenclothesbathe

33. Consonant sounds of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 17. /s/ siplistless 18. /z/ ziploserbuzz 19. / ʃ / shiprushedhush 20. / ʒ / measurerouge

34. Consonant sounds of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 21. /h/ hotbehave 22. /r/ rottry 23. /w/ wattsweat 24. /j/ yatchtune

35. Word-stress Two-syllable words Stress on first syllable ‘bargain ‘govern ‘secret ‘mischief ‘message ‘cabbage ‘surface ‘furnace ‘husband ‘butcher ‘proverb ‘thorough ‘oven ‘onion ‘compass

36. Word-stress (continued) Two-syllable words Stress on second syllable ad’mit for’bid suc’ced sup’press po’lice pay’ee dis’miss ag’ree se’lect re’quest pre’fer re’fer oc’cur ar’rest com’mence per’haps

37. Word-stress (continued) Three-syllable words Stress on first syllable ’advertise ’educate ’illustrate ’furniture ’government ’literature ’recognize ’signature ’tentative Stress on second syllable ad’venture com’mercial de’cision ex’ternal in’ternal per’mission re’vision spec’tator um’brella

38. Word-stress (continued) Three-syllable words Primary Stress on third syllable,addres’see,ciga’rette,coin’cide,devo’tee,engi’neer,guaran’tee,recom’mend

39. Word-stress (continued) Four-syllable words Primary Stress on first syllable ’applicable ’accurately ’comfortable ’honourable Primary Stress on second syllable ad’vertisement ap’preciate a’rithmetic e’xaggerate par’ticipate pho’tography

40. Word-stress (continued) Four-syllable words Primary Stress on third syllable acci’dental appli’cation exhi’bition inde’pendent indi’vidual Primary Stress on fourth syllable dedica’tee exami’nee

41. Word-stress (continued) words with more than four syllables Primary Stress on first syllable ‘favouritism ‘cannibalism ‘secularism Primary Stress on second syllable ad’venturousness en’thusiasm con’servatism Primary Stress on third syllable elec’tricity irre’sponsible popu’larity Primary Stress on fourth syllable acade’mician civili’zation pactici’pation

42. Word-stress (continued): stress change according to part of speech COMPARE: Noun/AdjectiveVerb ’absentab’sent ’accentac’cent ’concertcon’cert ’conflictcon’flict ’exportex’port ’producepro’duce ’subjectsub’ject

43. Attributes of good oral communication 1.Sounds and sound combinations 2. Stress 3. Rhythm 4. Intonation 5. Speed: pausing 6. Clarity of articulation 7. Voice modulation: volume & pitch variation (avoiding “monotonous speech)

44. PROPER USE OF WORDS accede, v. to agree to, to give in exceed, v. to be greater than expected accept, v. to receive except, v. to leave out except, prep. but access, n., adj. the opportunity to approach or reach excess, n., adj. more than needed

45. adapt, v. to change in order to make suitable adept, adj. skillful adopt, v.to accept without change advice, n. an opinion given advise, v. to give a judgment in order to influence action affect, v. to change or influence effect, v. to bring something about effect, n. a result

46. complement, v.to complete or make whole complement, n. that which makes something complete compliment, n.an expression of approval compliment, v. to express approval or congratulations comprise, v (more formal; preposition used only in passive) The class comprises mainly foreign students. /The class is comprised mainly of foreign students. consist of, v+prep The class consists mainly of foreign students.

47. Tools: Transition/Connection Link sentences with particular logical relationships with conjunctions or equivalent: Identity, Opposition, Addition, Cause and Effect, Concession, Exemplification

48. Identity indicates sameness: that is, that is to say, in other words

49. Opposition indicates a contrast: but, yet, however, nevertheless, still, though, although, whereas, in contrast, rather

50. Addition indicates continuation: and, too, also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides, in the same way, again, another, similarly, similar, the same

51. Cause and Effect therefore, so, consequently, as a consequence, thus, as a result, hence, it follows that, because, since, for

52. Concession indicates a willingness to consider the other side: admittedly, I admit, true, I grant, of course, naturally, some believe, it has been claimed that

53. Exemplification indicates a shift from a more general or abstract idea to a more specific or concrete idea: for example, for instance, after all, an illustration of, even, indeed, in fact, it is true, of course, specifically, to be specific, that is, to illustrate, truly