1. Chapter 1 Introduction Samuel College of Computer Science & Technology Harbin Engineering University

2. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com2 Objectives by the end of the lesson students will be able to –make sure the mainframe of the compiler construction –tell the features of the problem computer can solve

3. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com3 Compilers Compilers are computer programs that translate one language to another. –Very complex program from 10,000 to 1,000,000 lines of code. Its input is a program written in its source language. –Usually, the source language is a high-level language (C, C++, etc). It produces an equivalent program written in its target language. –The target language is object code (machine code) for the target machine.

4. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com4 Bilingual A person who knows and uses two languages. In everyday use the word bilingual usually means a person who speaks, reads, or understands two languages equally well (a balanced bilingual), but a bilingual person usually has a better knowledge of one language than of the other. English Source language

5. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com5 Compilers

6. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com6 双语 一个能运用两种语言的人。 在他的日常生活中能将一门外语和本族语基本等 同地运用于听、说、读、写，当然他的母语语言 知识和能力通常是大于第二语言的。 Chinese Target language

7. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com7 Interpreters An interpreter is a language translator like a compiler. The difference: the source program is executed immediately, not after translation is complete.

8. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com8 Bilingual education The use of a second or foreign language in school for the teaching of content subjects. The use of the child ’ s home language when the child enters school but later a gradual change to the use of the school language for teaching some subjects and the home language for teaching others. This is sometimes called maintenance bilingual education. English Source language

9. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com9 Bilingual education The use of a second or foreign language in school for the teaching of content subjects. The use of the child ’ s home language when the child enters school but later a gradual change to the use of the school language for teaching some subjects and the home language for teaching others. This is sometimes called maintenance bilingual education.

10. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com10 Bilingual education The use of a second or foreign language in school for the teaching of content subjects. 能在学校里使用第二语言或外语进行各门学科的教学。 The use of the child ’ s home language when the child enters school 学生刚进入学校时使用本族语 but later a gradual change to the use of the school language for teaching some subjects 然后逐渐地使用第二语言进行部分学科的教学 and the home language for teaching others. 其它学科仍使用母语教学 This is sometimes called maintenance bilingual education. 这种模式称之为：保持型双语教学。 Chinese? Target language?

11. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com11 Interpreters An interpreter is a language translator like a compiler. The difference: the source program is executed immediately, not after translation is complete. Programming language can be either interpreted or compiled. Interpreted languages: BASIC, LISP, Java Compiled languages: FORTRAN, C, C++. Interpreters share many operations with compilers.

12. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com12 Machine Language Initially, the programs were written in machine language – numeric codes that represented the actual machine operations to be performed. C7 06 0000 0002 moves number 2 to the location 0000. Writing such codes is time consuming and tedious.

13. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com13 Assembly Language In assembly language instructions and memory locations are given symbolic forms. MOV X, 2 An assembler translates the symbolic codes and memory locations into corresponding numeric codes. Advantages: –Great improvement in speed and accuracy of writing programs. –Still used today. Disadvantages: –Still not easy to write and difficult to read and understand. –Machine dependent.

14. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com14 High-level Languages Nearly resembles mathematical notation or natural language. Independent on any particular machine. Capable of being translated into executable code X = 2 Need a program that performs translation. Is it possible? Is generated object code efficient?

15. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com15 Theoretical Foundations Noam Chomsky’s study of the structure of natural languages. –Classification of languages according to the complexity of their grammars and the algorithms to recognize them. Context-free grammars are the most useful for programming languages –Study of the parsing problem, which become a standard part of compiler theory. Study of finite automata and regular expressions. –Led to symbolic methods for expressing the structure of words of a programming language Optimization techniques (code improvement techniques).

16. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com16 A Code Optimization Example What machine-independent optimizations are applicable to the following example?

17. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com17 A Code Optimization Example: Result

18. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com18 Compilers Compilers are computer programs that translate one language to another. –Very complex program from 10,000 to 1,000,000 lines of code. Its input is a program written in its source language. It produces an equivalent program written in its target language.

19. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com19 Discussion 1 If you wanna translate English into Chinese, how many steps will you follow? And what are they?  The left side On the other hand, when you translate a Chinese sentence into an English one, what are you going to do? The right side  Step by step, tell me the steps.

20. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com20 Push the elephant into the refrigerator GO!

21. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com21 Translation Process This is a book. Step 1: lexical analysis This / is / a / book /. Step 2: syntax analysis This  subject is  predicate a  quantifier book  object.  end Step 3: semantic analysis This  pronoun 这 is  copula 是 a  numeral 一 book  noun 书.  period 。 Step 4: This is a book. Step 5: 这是一书。 Step 6: 这是一本书。

22. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com22 the Problem Computer can Solve Discussion 2: In your opinion, what kind of problem can be solved by computer? Tell me the features of the problem which can be solved by computer. The right side  And what can not be? Just provide the reasons that some problems can not be processed through a computer.  The left side Go!

23. CompilerSamuel2005@126.com23 Conclusion The features of the problem computer can solve are just as follows: 1.The problem can be specified by computer 2.Be able to find the relevant algorithm 3.The algorithm has reasonable temporal complexity and spatial complexity