1. STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 13 &14

2. WHY DID LARGE NUMBERS OF IRISH IMMIGRATE TO THE U.S.? A consistent potato famine in Ireland Faced starvation if they remained Thousands fled Ireland in 1840’s-1860’s.

3. HOW DID PLANTATION OWNERS MEASURE WEALTH Plantation owners measure wealth in numerous ways Possessions in their home Clothing Number of slaves Number of acres owned

4. WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF THE TELEGRAPH The telegraph led to thousands of miles of telegraph lines The telegraph eliminate distance in the country Businesses increase sales and productivity

5. TRANSCENDENTALISTS Ralph Waldo Emerson Concord Hymn Henry David Thoreau Civil Disobedience Marget Fuller Woman in the Nineteenth Century

6. OTHER WRITERS Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Song of Hiawatha Midnight Ride of Paul Revere Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass O Captain, My Captain Emily Dickinson Hope Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin

7. WHAT WAS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDUSTRIALIZATION AND THE GROWTH OF CITIES? Industrial leaders began to locate their industry in various areas that suited their businesses. People looking for work moved to those areas This movement led to the growth of cities as people began to “flock” to these areas because there was work Cities began to grow because people needed to live close to where they work.

8. HOW DID TRANSPORTATION DEVELOP DIFFERENTLY BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH The north had many more miles of railroad track as the years passed. Canals and steamboats also developed. The South's network was short and inefficient. No universal network linking all parts of the region. Cities of the Northeast and the Mid-West became key centers of trade and transportation.

9. EXPLAIN REFORM/ IMPROVEMENTS IN EDUCATION Horace Mann Length school year to 6 months Better curriculum Better pay for teachers Better training for teachers Formation of Normal Schools Educational Opportunities for Girls/Women Education for people with disabilities (blind/deaf)

10. TRADE UNIONS Organizations formed by people of the same skill –or trade Formed to deal with better working conditions

11. STRIKE refusal of workers to work used by Unions to improve working conditions

12. YEOMEN Largest group of whites in the South Did not own slaves Lived in Upper South mostly “upland” of Deep South Grew crops used for resale and their own use Farms ranged from 50-200 acres

13. SLAVE CODES Laws meant to control the movement of African slaves Created to reduce threat of slave rebellions Most famous ones made teaching of slaves to read or write a crime

14. SUFFRAGE right to vote Women pushed for this right in the mid- 1800’s Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony Lucretia Mott

15. TEMPERANCE Idea or practice of drinking little or no alcohol Lyman Beecher- leader Maine

16. COTTON GIN Device invented by Eli Whitney Separates the seeds from the cotton fibers Dramatically increased use of (and value )slaves throughout the South

17. OVERSEER A person that was part of slave life This individual was in charge of keeping slaves working Supervised the work of slaves

18. MECHANICAL REAPER A device invented by Cyrus McCormick Used to cultivate wheat across the prairie This invention made the growing of wheat profitable and the main economic activity on the plains for generations.

19. HORACE MANN Leader in education movement Called for improvements Length school year to 6 months Better curriculum pay for teachers Better training for teachers

20. WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON Leader in abolition movement Begins newspaper in 1830’s The Liberator Called for emancipation Started the New England Antislavery Society Started the American Antislavery Society

21. SOJOURNER TRUTH Born Isabella Baumfree Slave in New York Runaway who spoke out against slavery ?- Famous speech

22. HARRIET TUBMAN Most famous “conductor” on the Underground Railroad Black Moses Made numerous trips back into the South to free other slaves

23. JOHN DEERE Invented the steel plow Allowed for the plowing and planting of the Great Plains This invention allowed for larger farms in the West

24. FREDERICK DOUGLASS Famous African American abolition leader Runaway slave from Maryland Worked at antislavery newspaper NORTH STAR Great speaker, traveled speaking against slavery

25. ELIAS HOWE Invented the sewing machine In 1846 Clothing could now be made faster and cheaper

26. SAMUEL MORSE Credited with creation of the telegraph machine Sent coded messages –series of dots and dashes Morse Code

27. NAT TURNER African American slave who led one of the most successful slave rebellions in U.S. History Occurred in Virginia In 1831 Rebellion caused fear among many slave owners Increased slave codes

28. KNOW NOTHING PARTY officially known as the American Party political party that was Anti-Immigrant/Anti- Catholic feared the influence and power of new immigrant groups Wanted to increase citizenship time requirements Nativists

29. SENECA FALLS This was a meeting a women leaders in New York in 1848 Called for fair and equal treatment of women Demanded suffrage for women