1. Role of Accelerators... R.-D. Heuer (Univ. Hamburg/DESY) ICFA Seminar 2005, Daegu, Korea... in “Dark World”

2. Role of Accelerators... R.-D. Heuer (Univ. Hamburg/DESY) ICFA Seminar 2005, Daegu, Korea... in “Dark World” Focus on energy frontier colliders LHC and ILC

3. Role of Accelerators... R.-D. Heuer (Univ. Hamburg/DESY) ICFA Seminar 2005, Daegu, Korea... in “Dark World” Focus on energy frontier colliders LHC and ILC - expect wealth of information at the terascale - expect first discoveries in the dark world

4. Nature ’ s accelerators

5. TeV-Gamma-RayRadioX-Ray … a new source class: “Dark Accelerators” Three sources known Lesson: need instruments in different wavelength regimes to understand physics of sources and accelerators extended hard spectra steady emission (from T. Lohse, EPS2005)

6. Multi-Messenger Astronomy protons  -rays neutrinos gravitational waves Lesson: need different instruments and methods to probe the high-energy Universe even further:

7.  13 Sensitivity in the Next Generation NOvA T2K Compare: 5 years each 5% flux uncertainty next generation long baseline experiments coming long baseline experiments 1 reactor +2 detectors NO A Huber, ML, Rolinec, Schwetz, Winter From M. Lindner

8. Particle Colliders

9. Aaaa aa “optimistic scenario” (from F.Zimmermann, EPS05) future “Standard Model era”“Dark World era”

10. “ Discovery ” of Standard Model through synergy of hadron - hadron colliders lepton - hadron colliders lepton - lepton colliders Particle Accelerators

11. Both strategies have worked well together → much more complete understanding than from either one alone There are two distinct and complementary strategies for gaining understanding of matter, space and time at particle accelerators HIGH ENERGY direct discovery of new phenomena i.e. accelerators operating at the energy scale of the new particle HIGH PRECISION interference of new physics at high energies through the precision measurement of phenomena at lower scales Synergy of colliders prime example: LEP / Tevatron

12. knowledge obtained only through combination of results from different accelerator types in particular: Lepton and Hadron Collider Time evolution of experimental limits on the Higgs boson mass Synergy of colliders: M H between 114 and ~200 GeV LEP,SLD, Tevatron… indirect direct  top

13. History of the Universe LHC, ILC RHIC,HERA extrapolation via precision

14. e + e - e-proton proton-proton today 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 LHC ILC TEVATRON HERA LEP,SLC PEP-II, KEKB VEPP, CLEO-c, BEPC DA  NE FNAL, CERN, J-PARC Energy Frontier Colliders: Flavor Specific Accelerators: e + e - (b factory) e + e - (c factory) e + e - (s factory) CLIC  Collider LHCb from Y-K. Kim

15. why LHC and ILC p p e+e+ e-e- p = composite particle: unknown  s of IS partons, no polarization of IS partons, parasitic collisions p = strongly interacting: large SM backgrounds, highly selective trigger needed, radiation hard detectors needed e = pointlike particle: known and tunable  s of IS particles, polarization of IS particles possible, kinematic contraints can be used e = electroweakly interacting low SM backgrounds, no trigger needed, detector design driven by precision

16. Explore new Physics through high precision at high energy microscopic telescopic Study the properties of new particles (cross sections, BR’s, quantum numbers) Study known SM processes to look for tiny deviations through virtual effects (needs ultimate precision of measurements and theoretical predictions)  precision measurements will allow - - distinction of different physics scenarios -- extrapolation to higher energies the role of LHC and ILC

17. SOME COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS THE ENERGY DENSITY BUDGET BARYONS COLD DARK MATTER NEUTRINOS DARK ENERGY

18. around 23% is in some mysterious “dark matter”. It clumps, but not as tightly as ordinary matter. around 73% is in some mysterious “dark energy”. It is evenly spread, as if it were an intrinsic property of space. It exerts negative pressure. ordinary matter contributes only about 5% of the total mass in the Universe. This makes stars, galaxies, nebulae,... Standard Model works very well Challenge: explore the world of dark matter by creating it in the laboratory

19. Dark Matter Astronomers & astrophysicists over the next two decades using powerful new telescopes will tell us how dark matter has shaped the stars and galaxies we see in the night sky. Only particle accelerators can produce dark matter in the laboratory and understand exactly what it is. Composed of a single kind of particle or as rich and varied as the visible world? LHC and ILC may be perfect machines to study dark matter. from Y-K Kim (modified)

20. Supersymmetry ● unifies matter with forces for each particle a supersymmetric partner (sparticle) of opposite statistics is introduced ● allows to unify strong and electroweak forces sin 2  W SUSY = 0.2335(17) sin 2  W exp = 0.2315(2) ● provides link to string theories ● provides Dark Matter candidate

21. Mass spectra depend on choice of models and parameters... Supersymmetry well measureable at LHC precise spectroscopy at ILC

22. from F. Gianotti (LP05) LHC

24. Bourjaily,Kane, hep-ph/0501262 LSP responsible for relic density Ω CDM ?  need to measure many parameters, in particular coupling to matter

25. Measurement of sparticle properties masses, couplings, quantum numbers,… ex: Sleptons lepton energy spectrum in continuum ex: Charginos threshold scan achievable accuracy: δm/m ~ 10 -3 ILC

26. LHC and ILC MSSM parameters from global fit  only possible with information from BOTH colliders

27. Sparticles may not be very light Lightest visible sparticle → ← Second lightest visible sparticle JE + Olive + Santoso + Spanos BUT

28. LSP light in most cases Lightest visible sparticle → ← Second lightest visible sparticle Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Lightest invisible sparticle → Lightest visible sparticle → Kalinowski Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Lightest invisible sparticle → Lightest visible sparticle → Kalinowski 1000 1500 e+e-  χ 1 χ 2

29. consider pair production e + e - ->χ 1 χ 1 χ invisible use photon radiated off e + or e - Ω dm => σ (e + e - ->χχγ) ≈ 0.1.... 10 fb ~ 50....5000 events / 4 years ILC [A.Birkedal et al hep-ph/0403004] not trivial, main background: e + e - ->νν (+γ) reduction through appropriate choice ofbeam polarisation Model independent WIMP search ILC

32. Precision electroweak tests As the heaviest quark, the top-quark could play a key role in the understanding of flavour physics….. …requires precise determination of its properties…. ΔM top ≈ 100 MeV Energy scan of top-quark threshold ILC But: connection to dark matter ?

33. Heinemeyer et al, hep-ph/0306181 mSUGRA  constrain allowed parameter space Precision electroweak tests δM(top) = 2 GeV δM(top) = 0.1 GeV

34. constrain mass and interaction strength Comparison with expectations from direct searches

35. Dark Matter and SUSY If SUSY LSP responsible for Cold Dark Matter, need accelerators to show that its properties are consistent with CMB data a match between collider and astrophysical measurements would provide overwhelming evidence that the observed particle(s) is dark matter

36. LHC and ILC direct measurement of mass indirect measurement of couplings  determine origin of particle

37. LHC and ILC results should allow, together with dedicated dark matter searches, first discoveries in the dark world around 73% of the Universe is in some mysterious “dark energy”. It is evenly spread, as if it were an intrinsic property of space. It exerts negative pressure. Challenge: get first hints about the world of dark energy in the laboratory

38. The Higgs is Different! All the matter particles are spin-1/2 fermions. All the force carriers are spin-1 bosons. Higgs particles are spin-0 bosons. The Higgs is neither matter nor force; The Higgs is just different. This would be the first fundamental scalar ever discovered. The Higgs field is thought to fill the entire universe. Could give some handle of dark energy(scalar field)? Many modern theories predict other scalar particles like the Higgs. Why, after all, should the Higgs be the only one of its kind? LHC and ILC can search for new scalars with precision. From Y-K. Kim

39. LHC from F. Gianotti (LP05)

40. ILC can observe Higgs no matter how it decays! 100 120 140 160 Recoil Mass (GeV) M Higgs = 120 GeV Number of Events / 1.5 GeV Only possible at the ILC ILC simulation for e + e -  Z + Higgs with Z  2 b’s, and Higgs  invisible

41. Precision Higgs physics Determination of absolute coupling values with high precision

42. g HHH Precision Higgs physics Reconstruction of the Higgs potential Δλ/λ ~ 10-20 % for 1 ab -1 Only possible at ILC

43. From Yamashita Precision Higgs physics and New Physics Detailed study of Higgs properties possible

44. LHC and ILC results will allow to study the Higgs mechanism in detail and to reveal the character of the Higgs boson This would be the first investigation of a scalar field This could be the very first step to understanding dark energy

45. DARK MATTER DARK ENERGY LHC and ILC together will allow first discoveries in the dark world from GSF

46. Past decades saw precision studies of 5 % of our Universe  Discovery of the Standard Model The LHC will soon deliver data Preparations for the ILC as a global project are well under way We are just at the beginning of exploring 95 % of the Universe

47. Past decades saw precision studies of 5 % of our Universe  Discovery of the Standard Model The LHC will soon deliver data Preparations for the ILC as a global project are well under way We are just at the beginning of exploring 95 % of the Universe the future is bright in the dark world