1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Chapter 1 Exploring Life

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview: Biology’s Most Exciting Era Biology is the scientific study of life Biologists are moving closer to understanding : – How a single cell develops into an organism – How plants convert sunlight to chemical energy – How the human mind works – How living things interact in communities – How life’s diversity evolved from the first microbes

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Evolution of Biology As a Science Through the Middle Ages – Major scientific discoveries were made in early Egypt, Babylonia, and Greece – Between 200 and 1200 AD there were almost no important scientific advances – No real distinction made between science and theology – Not much questioning of anything

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Evolution of Biology As a Science New Era in Biological Sciences – Did not begin until the middle of the nineteenth century – Began when Pasteur finally disproved “spontaneous generation” – Darwin’s work on evolution was the beginning of the same kind of revolution in biology that Newton’s began in physics

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spontaneous Generation This was the prevailing scientific view for over 300 years Living things can come from non living things. Organisms are regularly generated from non living materials – Put Garbage in the street Rats generate spontaneously – Hang meat in open stalls Maggots appear – Put broth on the window sill to cool Bacteria grow

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings DisprovingSpontaneous Generation Louis Pasteur – Boiled nutrient mixture in flask with long s-shaped necks – Almost all flasks treated this way remained free of bacterial growth as long as the neck was unbroken – When Pasteur tilted the flask so that the broth reached the lowest point in the neck, where any airborne particles would have settled, the broth rapidly became cloudy with life – Concluded that microorganisms were brought into flask on dust particles rather than generated from the nutrient mixture

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pasteur’s Experiment

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings On the Origin of Species Charles Darwin’s book Published in 1859 Laid out in great detail his evidence in support of the theory of evolution by natural selection

9. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Darwin’s Voyage At age 22, Charles Darwin began a five-year, round- the-world voyage aboard the Beagle In his role as ship’s naturalist he collected and examined the species that inhabited the regions the ship visited

10. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Voyage of the Beagle EQUATOR Galapagos Islands

11. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Darwin’s Theory Rejects the notion that living creatures are immutable products of a sudden creation. A population can change over time when individuals differ in one or more heritable traits that are responsible for differences in the ability to survive and reproduce

12. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Two Parts of Darwin’s Theory Descent with modification – Change is the rule rather than the exception – Organisms living today have descended by gradual changes from ancient ancestors quite unlike themselves Natural selection determines the course of the change – individuals differ in one or more heritable traits that are responsible for differences in the ability to survive and reproduce – It is a mechanistic process without conscious purpose or design

13. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Living Things Life’s basic characteristic is a high degree of order Each level of biological organization has emergent properties

14. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings How Do We Know If It is Alive? Order – All organisms are highly organized – Maintain that organization by expending energy – Each type usually has definite form and shape – All organisms are composed of cells Non-living things do not maintain their organization by expending energy

15. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings How Do We Know If It is Alive? Metabolism :acquires and uses ENERGY – Taking in and digesting food – Assimilating digested food – Respiration – Excretion Non-living things do not derive energy by taking in or transforming food.

16. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings More Characteristics of living things Growth and Development – Organisms develop new parts between or within older parts Non-living things can grow only by addition of material to the outside.

17. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings How Do We Know If It is Alive? Irritability – Response to environmental stimuli Many forms May not be proportional to stimulus Organism not usually permanently altered by the stimulus Non-living things may react to stimuli – Always a quantitative relationship between the stimulus and the effect

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19. The scope of Biology Biologists explore life from the microscopic to the global scale The study of life extends from molecules and cells to the entire living planet Biological organization is based on a hierarchy of structural levels

20. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Hierarchy of Biological Organization 1.Biosphere: all environments on Earth 2.Ecosystem: all living and nonliving things in a particular area 3.Community: all organisms in an ecosystem 4.Population: all individuals of a species in a particular area 5.Organism: an individual living thing

21. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Hierarchy of Biological Organization (continued) 6.Organ and organ systems: specialized body parts made up of tissues 7.Tissue: a group of similar cells 8.Cell: life’s fundamental unit of structure and function 9.Organelle: a structural component of a cell 10. Molecule: a chemical structure consisting of atoms

22. Ecosystems The biosphere Organisms Populations Communities Cells Organelles Molecules Tissues Organs and organ systems Cell 1 µm Atoms 10 µm 50 µm

23. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Closer Look at Ecosystems Each organism interacts with its environment Both organism and environment affect each other

24. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ecosystem Dynamics The dynamics of an ecosystem include two major processes: – Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired by plants eventually return to the soil – The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumers

25. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy Conversion Activities of life require work Work depends on sources of energy Energy exchange between an organism and environment often involves energy transformations In transformations, some energy is lost as heat Energy flows through an ecosystem, usually entering as light and exiting as heat

26. LE 1-4 Sunlight Ecosystem Heat Chemical energy Consumers (including animals) Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms)

27. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Closer Look at Cells The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities of life The ability of cells to divide is the basis of all reproduction, growth, and repair of multicellular organisms

28. LE 1-5 25 µm

29. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Cell’s Heritable Information Cells contain DNA, the heritable information that directs the cell’s activities DNA is the substance of genes Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring

30. LE 1-6 Sperm cell Nuclei containing DNA Egg cell Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Embryo’s cells With copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from both parents

31. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Each DNA molecule is made up of two long chains arranged in a double helix Each link of a chain is one of four kinds of chemical building blocks called nucleotides

32. LE 1-7 DNA double helixSingle strand of DNA Nucleotide Cell Nucleus DNA

33. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Two Main Forms of Cells Characteristics shared by all cells: – Enclosed by a membrane – Use DNA as genetic information Two main forms of cells: – Eukaryotic: divided into organelles; DNA in nucleus – Prokaryotic: lack organelles; DNA not separated in a nucleus

34. LE 1-8 Membrane Cytoplasm EUKARYOTIC CELL PROKARYOTIC CELL DNA (no nucleus) Membrane 1 µm Organelles Nucleus (contains DNA)

35. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings What is a Biological System? Biological systems are much more than the sum of their parts A system is a combination of components that form a more complex organization Examples of biological systems: Cells, organisms, and ecosystems

36. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Emergent Properties of Systems Emergent properties are new properties that result from interactions within systems. Each level is build of parts from the lower level, for example: molecules together make cells, cells together make tissues, tissues together make organs, organs together make individuals. New properties emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of biological order

37. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Power and Limitations of Reductionism Reductionism is reducing complex systems to simpler components that are easier to study Examples of reductionism: The studies of DNA structure and the Human Genome Project The study of each individual part of a cell

38. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Systems Biology Systems biology seeks to create models of the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems An example is a systems map of interactions between proteins in a fruit fly cell or any cell. Such models may predict how a change in one part of a system will affect the rest of the system

39. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Systems biology uses three key research developments: – High-throughput technology: methods to generate large data sets rapidly – Bioinformatics: using computers and software to process and integrate large data sets – Interdisciplinary research teams

40. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback Regulation in Biological Systems Regulatory systems ensure a dynamic balance in living systems Chemical processes are catalyzed (accelerated) by enzymes Many biological processes are self-regulating: the product regulates the process itself

41. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings In negative feedback, the accumulation of a product slows down the process itself In positive feedback (less common), the product speeds up its own production

42. LE 1-11 Enzyme 1 A A B B C C D D D D D D D D D D D Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 Negative feedback Enzyme 1

43. LE 1-12 W Enzyme 4 W X X Y Y Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Enzyme 5 Enzyme 6 Positive feedback Enzyme 4 Enzyme 6 Enzyme 5 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

44. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept 1.3: Biologists explore life across its great diversity of species Biologists have named about 1.8 million species Estimates of total species range from 10 million to over 200 million

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46. Grouping Species: The Basic Idea Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species into a hierarchical order Kingdoms and domains are the broadest units of classification

47. LE 1-14 Ursidae Ursus Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya SpeciesGenus Family Order Class Phylum KingdomDomain Ursus americanus (American black bear)

48. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Three Domains of Life All life is classified into three domains: – Bacteria (prokaryotes) – Archaea (prokaryotes) – Eukarya (eukaryotes) Eukaryotes include protists and the kingdoms Plantae, – Fungi, – and Animalia

49. LE 1-15 Bacteria 4 µm 100 µm 0.5 µm Kingdom Plantae Protists Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Fungi Archaea

50. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Unity in the Diversity of Life Underlying life’s diversity is a striking unity, especially at lower levels of organization In eukaryotes, unity is evident in details of cell structure

51. LE 1-16a Cilia of windpipe cells Cilia of Paramecium 15 µm 5 µm

52. LE 1-16b Cilia of windpipe cells Cilia of Paramecium Cross section of cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope 0.1 µm

53. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept 1.4: Evolution accounts for life’s unity and diversity The history of life is a saga of a changing Earth billions of years old

54. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The evolutionary view of life came into sharp focus in 1859, when Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection “Darwinism” became almost synonymous with the concept of evolution

55. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

56. Two Parts of Darwin’s Theory Descent with modification – Change is the rule rather than the exception – Organisms living today have descended by gradual changes from ancient ancestors quite unlike themselves Natural selection determines the course of the change – It is a completely mechanistic process without conscious purpose or design – individuals differ in one or more heritable traits that are responsible for differences in the ability to survive and reproduce

57. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Origin of Species articulated two main points: – Descent with modification (the view that contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors) – Natural selection (a proposed mechanism for descent with modification) Some examples of descent with modification are unity and diversity in the orchid family

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59. Natural Selection Darwin inferred natural selection by connecting two observations: – Observation: Individual variation in heritable traits – Observation: Overpopulation and competition – Inference: Unequal reproductive success – Inference: Evolutionary adaptation

60. LE 1-20 Evolution of adaptations in the population Differences in reproductive success Overproduction and competition Population of organisms Hereditary variations

61. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Natural selection can “edit” a population’s heritable variations An example is the effect of birds preying on a beetle population

62. LE 1-21 Population with varied inherited traits Elimination of individuals with certain traits Reproduction of survivors Increasing frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success

63. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Natural selection is often evident in adaptations of organisms to their way of life and environment Bat wings are an example of adaptation

64. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

65. The Tree of Life Many related organisms have similar features adapted for specific ways of life Such kinships connect life’s unity and diversity to descent with modification Natural selection eventually produces new species from ancestral species Biologists often show evolutionary relationships in a treelike diagram [Videos on slide following the figure]

66. LE 1-23 Large ground finch Large cactus ground finch Sharp-beaked ground finch Geospiza magnirostris Geospiza conirostris Medium ground finch Geospiza fuliginosa Small ground finch Woodpecker finch Camarhynchus psittacula Large tree finch Medium tree finch Cactus ground finch Geospiza difficilis Cactus flower eaters Geospiza scandens Seed eater Ground finches Seed eaters Tree finches Common ancestor from South American mainland Insect eaters Bud eater Warbler finches Mangrove finch Geospiza fortis Cactospiza pallida Small tree finch Camarhynchus pauper Camarhynchus parvulus Green warbler finch Gray warbler finch Certhidea olivacea Certhidea fusca Vegetarian finch Platyspiza crassirostris Cactospiza heliobates

67. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept 1.5: Biologists use various forms of inquiry to explore life Inquiry is a search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions The process of science blends two main processes of scientific inquiry: – Discovery science: describing nature – Hypothesis-based science: explaining nature

68. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Discovery Science Discovery science describes nature through careful observation and data analysis Examples of discovery science: – understanding cell structure – expanding databases of genomes

69. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Discovery Science – In discovery science Scientists describe some aspect of the world and use inductive reasoning to draw general conclusions

70. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inductive Logic Using observations and facts to arrive at generalizations or hypotheses Observation: Eagles, swallows, and robins have feathers Hypothesis: All birds have feathers

71. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Data Data are recorded observations Two types of data: – Quantitative data: numerical measurements – Qualitative data: recorded descriptions

72. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

73. Induction in Discovery Science Inductive reasoning involves generalizing based on many specific observations

74. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hypothesis-Based Science In science, inquiry usually involves proposing and testing hypotheses Hypotheses are hypothetical explanations

75. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Role of Hypotheses in Inquiry In science, a hypothesis is a tentative answer to a well-framed question A hypothesis is an explanation on trial, making a prediction that can be tested

76. LE 1-25a Hypothesis #1: Dead batteries Hypothesis #2: Burnt-out bulb Observations Question

77. LE 1-25b Hypothesis #1: Dead batteries Hypothesis #2: Burnt-out bulb Test prediction Test falsifies hypothesis Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem Test prediction Test does not falsify hypothesis

78. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Deduction: The “If…then” Logic of Hypothesis-Based Science In deductive reasoning, the logic flows from the general to the specific If a hypothesis is correct, then we can expect a particular outcome

79. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Closer Look at Hypotheses in Scientific Inquiry A scientific hypothesis must have two important qualities: – It must be testable – It must be falsifiable

80. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Myth of the Scientific Method The scientific method is an idealized process of inquiry Very few scientific inquiries adhere rigidly to the “textbook” scientific method

81. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings In mimicry, a harmless species resembles a harmful species An example of mimicry is a stinging honeybee and a nonstinging mimic, a flower fly A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Investigating Mimicry in Snake Populations

82. LE 1-26 Flower fly (nonstinging) Honeybee (stinging)

83. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings This case study examines king snakes’ mimicry of poisonous coral snakes The hypothesis states that mimics benefit when predators mistake them for harmful species The mimicry hypothesis predicts that predators in non–coral snake areas will attack king snakes more frequently than will predators that live where coral snakes are present

84. LE 1-27 Scarlet king snake Eastern coral snake Scarlet king snake Key Range of scarlet king snake North Carolina Range of eastern coral snake South Carolina

85. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Field Experiments with Artificial Snakes To test this mimicry hypothesis, researchers made hundreds of artificial snakes: – An experimental group resembling king snakes – A control group resembling plain brown snakes Equal numbers of both types were placed at field sites, including areas without coral snakes After four weeks, the scientists retrieved the artificial snakes and counted bite or claw marks The data fit the predictions of the mimicry hypothesis

86. LE 1-28 (a) Artificial king snake (b) Artificial brown snake that has been attacked

87. In areas where coral snakes were present, most attacks were on brown artificial snakes. In areas where coral snakes were absent, most attacks were on artificial king snakes. LE 1-29 % of attacks on artificial king snakes % of attacks on brown artificial snakes Field site with artificial snakes 83% North Carolina South Carolina 17% 16% 84% Key

88. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Designing Controlled Experiments Scientists do not control the experimental environment by keeping all variables constant Researchers usually “control” unwanted variables by using control groups to cancel their effects

89. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Limitations of Science The limitations of science are set by its naturalism – Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena – Science cannot support or falsify supernatural explanations, which are outside the bounds of science

90. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Theories in Science A scientific theory is much broader than a hypothesis A scientific theory is: – broad in scope – general enough to generate new hypotheses – supported by a large body of evidence

91. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Model Building in Science Models are representations of ideas, structures, or processes Models may range from lifelike representations to symbolic schematics

92. LE 1-30 From body From lungs Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle To lungs To body

93. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Culture of Science Science is an intensely social activity Both cooperation and competition characterize scientific culture

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95. Science, Technology, and Society The goal of science is to understand natural phenomena Technology applies scientific knowledge for some specific purpose

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97. Concept 1.6: A set of themes connects the concepts of biology Biology is the science most connected to the humanities and social sciences Underlying themes provide a framework for understanding biology

98. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings