1. ISSUES IN ASSESSING LONG-TERM LIQUID FUEL AND NATURAL GAS SUPPLIES Presented at the 2007 EIA Energy Outlook, Modeling, and Data Conference March 28, 2007, Washington, D.C. Roger H. Bezdek. Ph.D., President Management Information Services, Inc. www.misi-net.com

2. Sep-15 2 THIS PRESENTATION Is peak oil “nonsense”? Oil supply and demand trends Oil supply forecasts Oil peaking and natural gas Natural gas forecasts: Past and current Future natural gas shortfalls? New paradigm for natural gas pricing? Summary

3. Sep-15 3 World oil demand is huge & growing Peaking is maximum production of conventional oil, not “running out;” beware of red herrings Most past peaking predictions were wrong. - Hubbert was right on the U.S. Lower 48 - Recent predictions may be right - Wrong isn’t forever Why reconsider peaking now? -World oil consumption outstripping new discoveries -CAPEX for new energy projects is large and growing -Extensive drilling worldwide - large database -Advanced technology: Modern geology, 3D seismic, etc. -Many experts are pessimistic -The economic consequences are huge IS PEAK OIL THEORY “NONSENSE”?

4. Sep-15 4 WHY WILL CONVENTIONAL OIL PRODUCTION PEAK? Time - Decades Production 1945 2000 Year Oil fields peak Production U.S Lower 48 States The world (All regions) will peak Regions (Many fields) peak

5. Sep-15 5 WORLD IS CONSUMING MORE OIL AND FINDING LESS

6. Sep-15 6 WORLD OIL DISCOVERY HISTORY & THREE PATHS FOR USGS RESERVES ESTIMATES

7. Sep-15 7 WHEN DISCOVERY DECLINES, PRODUCTION ALWAYS DECLINES LATER -- NORWAY

8. Sep-15 8 19671969 1971 19731975 1977 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Daily Production - MM b/d 100% 90% 85% Percent of Maximum 95% Texas O Peak in 1972 198019821984198619881990 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2 15.4 15.6 Daily Production - MM b/d 100% 98% Percent of Maximum North America 96% 94% Peak in 1985 19941996199820002002 2004 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 Daily Production - MM b/d 100% 90% 85% Percent of Maximum 95% United Kingdom Peak in 1999 19941996 199820002002 2004 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Daily Production - MM b/d 100% 90% 85% Percent of Maximum 95% Norway Peak in 2001 PEAK PRODUCTION CAN BE SUDDEN & SHARP Will the world behave like this?

9. Sep-15 9 TECHNOLOGY & PRICE MAY NOT SAVE US U. S. Lower 48 Oil Production 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 80 0 Production Price Dramatic Improvement in Oil Field Technology PRODUCTION (Billions of Barrels per Year) 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Trends were not reversed, and continued decline is forecast PRICE (2003 $ per barrels)

10. Sep-15 10 WHEN MIGHT PEAKING OCCUR? Different Approximations Lead to Different Forecasts Forecast Source December 2005Deffeyes (U.S.) 2006-2007Bakhitari (Iran) 2006-2007Simmons (U.S.) 2010 +/-Skrebowski (U.K.) 2010 Campbell (Ireland) Before 2010Goodstein (U.S.) After 2010World Energy Council 2012 Weng (China) 2016 Doug-Westwood (U.K.) After 2020CERA (U.S.) 2030 or laterEIA (U.S) / Exxon Mobil 5 years 5-15 years > 20 years Already

11. Sep-15 11 PEAKING FORECAST RELATIVELY INSENSITIVE TO RESOURCE ESTIMATES Already consumed worldwide: ~ One Trillion Barrels Some estimates of remaining world reserves = One Trillion Barrels Others estimate remaining world reserves = Two Trillion Barrels If so, world oil peaking is about now. [50% of total] EIA: “(Our) results are remarkably insensitive to … alternative resource base estimates… adding 900 Bbbl more oil …only delays the estimated production peak by 10 years.”

12. Sep-15 12 Time Production History : 1 Trillion barrels already consumed Some Forecasters: 1 Trillion barrels already consumed peaking about now EIA: Add 900 Million barrels, Gain 10 years. ADDING ALMOST A TRILLION BARRELS GAINS ONLY 10 YEARS

13. Sep-15 13 PEAK OIL AND NATURAL GAS Peak oil – properly defined – must be seriously considered Prices, technology, and new supplies are important, but world demand is simply outstripping supplies of conventional oil Even an additional 1 trillion barrels of oil only buys us 10 years Mitigation options (transportation efficiency, alternate fuels, etc.) will require decades and trillions of $ Consequences of failure to anticipate peak oil can be severe NATURAL GAS TO THE RESCUE? Some analyses rely on natural gas to fill the gap Many have erred on U.S. and North American NG production, and past NG forecasts have been revised downward More recent NG forecasts need to be assessed Estimating techniques have improved, but difficulty of estimating future supply & demand has increased Adverse impacts could be severe

14. Sep-15 14 RECENT NG SUPPLY FORECASTS REVISED DOWN DOE EIA Forecasts of N. American Natural Gas Supply to U.S. Looks good Trouble! 4 years Forecasting Oil & Gas Supply Is Difficult!

15. Sep-15 15 ASSUMPTIONS NEED TO BE ASSESSED NG prices forecast to decline but: 1) U.S. production increases for next 15-18 years, then stabilizes; 2) Demand increases modestly Assumes that, in a tight global market for petroleum, U.S. can increase LNG imports at prices 40% below oil-equivalent Natural Gas-Crude Oil Price Ratio ($/mmBtu), AEO 2007 vs. historical Henry Hub Cash Price (left axis) vs. U.S. Total Natural Gas Consumption

16. Sep-15 16 FUTURE U.S. NATURAL GAS PROBLEMS? Risk that NG needed by U.S. economy may exceed forecasts Price increases may be required to balance supply and demand Potential Future Natural Gas Supply Gap

17. Sep-15 17 U.S. NG PRODUCTION HAS HIT A WALL Past 6 years, U.S. drillers have greatly ramped up drilling, with little impact on production EIA has reduced estimate of future production every year Are further reductions warranted?

18. Sep-15 18 CANADIAN NG PRODUCTION Canadian imports likely to decline precipitously -- s ingle greatest problem facing U.S. market Production already falling rapidly: -- Production in Western Canada has plateaued -- Decline in Canadian drilling rate -- Increased demand for oil sands production

19. Sep-15 19 POWER SECTOR IS THE KEY U.S. dependent on gas-fired generation to meet high percentage of incremental power demand Are we underestimating likely growth in power sector demand? Electric Generation Capacity Additions by Fuel Type Dependence Upon Gas-Fired Generation Likely to Continue to Grow

20. Sep-15 20 A ROSY SCENARIO? Nearly all of incremental U.S. supply is expected to come from just two sources: 1) Alaskan NG pipeline by 2018; 2) Massive increase in LNG imports -- But there are serious risks and uncertainties to both -- Until Alaska NG pipeline, we are dependent on imported LNG Total Supply to U.S. from LNG Imports and Alaska Projected Incremental Supply from Alaska Pipeline and LNG, as percentage of Increase in Total Projected Natural Gas Supply

21. Sep-15 21 DO EIA’S NG PRICE FORECASTS NEED TO BE EVALUATED? Beginning with AEO 2006, EIA implicitly decoupled the forecast relationship between oil and natural gas prices If it had not decoupled the relationship, the forecast NG prices in AEO 2006 and AEO 2007 would be much higher This could have important consequences for energy markets and infrastructure Using regression analysis and monthly data, the Dallas Federal Reserve Bank estimated the historical relationship between natural gas prices Use of the Dallas fed regression formula yields higher forecast NG prices

22. Sep-15 22 IMPLICATIONS OF DECOUPLED NG AND OIL PRICES EIA 2025 Natural Gas Prices Estimates (High Oil Price Case) Compared to Those Derived Using the Dallas Fed Formula If prices had not been decoupled, AOE 2006 and AEO 2007 forecast NG prices would be higher

23. Sep-15 23 IMPLICATIONS FOR FORECAST 2030 NG PRICES Discrepancy in Potential AEO 2007 2030 Natural Gas Price Forecasts (High Oil Price Case) Discrepancy in Potential AEO 2007 2030 Natural Gas Price Forecasts (Reference Case) Applying the Dallas Fed formula to the AEO 2007 reference case oil price indicates that there is a 50% difference in the implied NG price Applying the formula to the AEO 2007 high oil price case oil price indicates that there is a 75% difference in the implied NG price

24. Sep-15 24 SUMMARY EIA work is critical: They have large resources and a huge responsibility Planning for our economic well being is dependent on them covering the range of variables and risks at this very challenging time in our energy development We cannot afford to ignore, ridicule, or downplay the possibility and the consequences of peak oil – risks are too great When oil does peak, there are no silver bullet solutions Reliance on adequate future supplies of NG at moderate prices is unwarranted and risky U.S. NG production has peaked and this has implications as significant as those of U.S. oil peaking four decades ago

25. Sep-15 25 THANK YOU! ROGER H. BEZDEK, PH.D. PRESIDENT MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SERVICES, INC. 202-889-1324 rbezdek@misi-net.com www.misi-net.com

26. Sep-15 26 LOCAL CONTACT INFORMATION While in Australia through July 6, Dr. Bezdek can be contacted via ASPO Australia Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas www.ASPO-Australia.org.au International Australia