1. Criminology 8th edition Larry J. Siegel
Chapter 18 Corrections
Criminology 8th edition
Larry J. Siegel
© 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co.

2. QUESTION
Is the deterrent effect of prison weakened when inmates are granted early release?

3. CORRECTIONAL TREATMENT
Community-based programs
Secure confinement

4. convicted offenders to prison? Are offenders better served by
Why do we sentence
convicted offenders to prison?
Are offenders better served by
being treated in the
community or in a secure institution?

5. Why Use Community Based Corrections?
Incarceration is more costly
No evidence incarceration rehabilitates
CBC maintains family & community ties
Broader possibilities exist to balance the severity of the crime with punishment

6. Residential community center Electronic monitoring
The
Punishment
Ladder
Death Penalty
Prison
Boot camps
Split sentences
Intermediate sanctions allow judges to fit punishment to the crime without resorting to a prison sentence. They are punitive because they are increasingly severe.
Residential community center
Electronic monitoring
House arrest
Intensive probation
Restitution
Probation
Forfeiture
Fines

7. What is Probation?
The most common form of CBC – approximately 1/3 of all felony cases.
Probation is a criminal sentence.
Mandates placement of an offender in the community
Under the supervision of an agent of the court

8. Special Conditions Imposed on Probationers

9. Supervision Levels

10. Is Probation Successful?
Evidence is mixed
Recidivism - what does it mean?
Rearrest, reconviction, technical violations
Serious offenders most likely to recidivate
Probation recidivism is lower than prison recidivism 11

11. QUESTION
Who should determine if a convicted offender receives probation?
How would determinate and indeterminate sentencing differ on this decision?
What factors should be taken into consideration?

12. What’s the Future of Probation?
It will likely continue to be the most popular alternative sentence because it is:
Flexible
Alleviates prison overcrowding
Cost effective
Allows for the imposition of probation fees 14

13. Fines as a Criminal Sanction
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Used more often in lesser offenses or when financial profits were high
Fines may discriminate against the poor
Many fines go uncollected
Day Fines are based on
the seriousness of the offense
and the offenders ability to pay.

14. QUESTIONS Is it fair to gear day fines to wages?
Should offenders be punished more severely because they are financially successful?
Should a fine be based on the crime or the ability to pay?

15. Forfeiture as a Sanction
Can be used in civil & criminal cases
Seizure of goods & instrumentalities related to the commission or outcome of a criminal act
Zero tolerance
Proportionality

16. Restitution Pay back to victims or community service
Used in 30% of probation cases; the average is $3400; 60% make full payment in 3 years
Qualified success
Widens the net of social control

17. Shock Probation & Split Sentencing
Community release after sampling prison life
Split sentence means jail term is a condition of probation
Shock probation usually involves resentencing after a short prison stay
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18. Intensive Probation Goals
Diversion from prison
Maintain control of the individual
Facilitate reintegration into the community
High Failure Rate (approx. 50%)

19. House Arrest
Offender required to spend extended periods of time in one’s own home as an alternative to incarceration.
Little standardization throughout the U.S. in how house arrest is administered.

20. Electronic Monitoring
Often used to ensure compliance with house arrest
Similar recidivism to traditional systems
Costs are lower (capital v. labor)
Overcrowding is reduced
Issues of privacy and liberty
Compliance technologies vary

21. Residential Community Corrections
Combines reintegration & control goals
Usually involves a nonsecure building
Houses pretrial & adjudicated adults
Residents:
Work and/or
Attend school and
Participate in corrections program

22. Purpose of Jails in America
A branch of local government – city/county
Pre-trial detention for adults and juveniles
Detain offenders awaiting sentencing
Confine misdemeanants
Transfer inmates to federal, state, or other authorities, i.e., courtroom appearances.
Hold probation & parole violators
Hold mentally ill persons pending transfer
Hold inmates sentenced to short terms
Relieve prison overcrowding through contracts with the state and federal government

23. Who Are the Most Common Kinds of Jail Inmates?
Undereducated
Minorities
Low income
Single parent family
Drug/alcohol abuse
Male (90%),young, and single
Property crimes

24. Jail Conditions Operated under concept of custodial convenience
Understaffed, underpaid
Lack of basic programs and services
Suicides common
New generation jails

25. The Modern Prison Era Three Major Trends
Increased prisoner litigation seeking greater rights and privileges
Increase in prison violence
Alleged failure of correctional rehabilitation

26. State Prison Organization
Classification based
on: Gender
Age
Security
State
Prison Dept.
Female
Male
Juvenile
Max
Med
Min
Female
Male

27. Maximum Security Prisons
Fortresses
Cells / Blocks / Wings
Standard uniform & dress codes
Everything based on security (lock psychosis)

28. Medium Security Prisons
Similar appearance to maximum security
Security is less intense
More privileges
More treatment effort

29. Minimum Security Prisons
No armed guards or walls
House most trustworthy & least violent offenders
Dormitory style housing or small rooms
Often farms or ranches

30. Ultra-Maximum Security Prisons
House most dangerous, predatory criminals
Extra-tight security and isolated conditions are common
All potential weapons removed, e.g. mirrors, toilet seat, soap dishes, etc.
Some claim violations of United Nations standards for the treatment of inmates

31. QUESTION Is the privatization of prisons a good idea? Or,
Is it wrong to make a profit off of crime?

32. Start here on the 5th of Dec.
Private Prisons
A private company builds prison and contracts to run it.
In some cases, the prison and programs are leased to the state.
In other cases, specific service program contracts are made.
Start here on the 5th of Dec. 25

33. Problems With Private Prisons
Biased evaluations re: effectiveness
Cut corners to save costs
Hard core prisoners not accepted for state care
Maintenance of liability
Loss of state jobs
Difficult to control quality
Moral considerations
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34. When Were Prisons Built?
25 before 1875
79 between 1875 – 1924
141 between 1925 – 1949
First built were Auburn and Elmira which are still used.

35. Prison Inmates Personal Characteristics
Young (although older ages are now more common – average age is 32, 33% over 51 by 2010).
Single
Poorly Educated
Male (Approx. 6.6% were female)
Minority group member (2000, 9.7% of all black males between were in prison).
Substance abuse history (80%); drug use history (60%). 22

36. Adjusting to Prison Life – Prizonization Process (Clemmer)
Finding a way to do one’s time helps the quality of survival
Finding a coping style
Loner
Joining a gang or group
Avoiding victimization
Racial conflict
Sexual exploitation
Black-market economy
Anxiety of being released
Loss of privacy
Hustling to maintain some power
Being politically “savvy” – inmate subculture/social code 3

37. The “New” Inmate Culture
Black Power movement
Black and Latin inmates more organized
Racial polarity and tension is a dominant force
Violence and danger of the streets is imported into the prison culture
Groups form because of ...
Religious or political affiliations
To combat discrimination
Previous street gang membership 5

38. Female Institutions Overcrowding Smaller than male institutions
Many are minimum security
Some similar to college dorms
Many lack treatment programs

39. The Female Subculture Nonviolent to staff
Lack anti-authority inmate social code
Direct anger inward because of low-self esteem, i.e., self mutilation - “carving”
Make believe families – surrogate families
Sexual exploitation
Health care, i.e., pregnancy

40. Institutional Treatment: General Types
Individual therapy – focuses on self-awareness and dealing with everyday problems
Group therapy – used more often due to lack of resources
Educational training
Vocational training
Problems With Treatment Programs
Lack of qualified staff

41. Inmate Conflict Inmate violence (inmate against inmate)
Average 70 incidents/year/institution
Homosexual rape
Nonsexual assault (shake down)
Prison riots (90% of all riots have taken place since 1952)

42. Causes of Prison Violence
Inmates are violence prone
Prisons convert people to violence - “survival mentality”
Prison mismanagement
Overcrowding

43. Collective behavior and social control
Causes of Prison Riots
Rising expectations
Conflict
Power vacuum
Collective behavior and social control
Environmental
conditions
Spontaneity

44. Prisoner Rights
Prior to 1960 the Supreme Court followed a Hands-off Doctrine unless there was a serious breach of 8th Amendment rights (Cruel and Unusual Punishment)

45. Prisoner’s Rights Freedom of religion Freedom of press and speech
Freedom of medical care
Freedom against cruel and unusual punishment
Most litigation is brought under the federal Civil Rights Act.

46. retain their constitutional rights after conviction?
Should prison inmates
retain their constitutional
rights after conviction?

47. Primary Functions of Parole Boards
To select and place prisoners on parole
To supervise parolees in the community
To determine when parole is complete and discharge parolees
To determine if parole revocation should take place

48. Conditions of Parole Rules fall into two categories:
General rules required of all parolees
Specific rules applied to an individual case.
Rules may prohibit some types of behavior and demand others.
Violation of rules may lead to parole being revoked.

49. QUESTIONS How effective is parole?
What factors predict parole failure?
Can parolees destabilize neighborhoods?
If so, how?

50. Recidivism: A Traditional Measure of Parole Effectiveness
What is recidivism?
The definition can vary.
Is it :
Those who re-commit another crime of any kind?
Those who re-commit the same type of crime?
Those who re-commit crime within a certain time period?
Those who are returned to prison for technical violations?