1. Unit 1 Review

2. What is geography ? HERE ARE SOME DEFINITIONS FOUND IN VARIOUS TEXTS If "When?" is the realm of history, then "Where?" is the primary focus of geographic inquiry.

3. Why what is where.

4. tallest buildings fast food restaurants slums volcanoes hurricanes center of city grouped together close to downtown edge of plates Caribbean region

5. Space – No, not the final frontier… No, not the final frontier… describes a two-dimensional location on a map describes a two-dimensional location on a map Place on the other hand is a less dry term, one that is used to describe a location that has meaning.

6. Human Geography: Five Themes Location – the space that is occupied in the universe (absolute/relative). Location – the space that is occupied in the universe (absolute/relative). Place – physical and human characteristics: space after humans. Place – physical and human characteristics: space after humans. Human/Environment Interactions – how humans depend, modify, and adapt to their environments. Human/Environment Interactions – how humans depend, modify, and adapt to their environments. Movement – how humans interact on earth, the diffusion of religion or trade patterns through connections of peoples. Movement – how humans interact on earth, the diffusion of religion or trade patterns through connections of peoples. Regions – an area with one or more shared characteristics. Regions – an area with one or more shared characteristics.

7. How to Lie with maps A map is a generalization or representation of the real world. A map is a generalization or representation of the real world. Cartography – the science of mapmaking. Cartography – the science of mapmaking. Contemporary Mapping – Contemporary Mapping – Remote Sensing Satellites Remote Sensing Satellites GIS (geographic information systems) GIS (geographic information systems) GPS (global positioning system) GPS (global positioning system) All maps lie flat and all maps lie. They contain distortions. You cannot represent the three- dimensional earth on a flat surface without distorting reality. All maps lie flat and all maps lie. They contain distortions. You cannot represent the three- dimensional earth on a flat surface without distorting reality. Any useful map is selective in what is put in and left out. Example: road or subway map. Any useful map is selective in what is put in and left out. Example: road or subway map.

8. Three sources of map distortion Map scale – most maps are smaller than the reality they represent. Map scales tell us how much smaller. Map scale – most maps are smaller than the reality they represent. Map scales tell us how much smaller. Map projection – this occurs because you must transform the curved surface of the earth on a flat plan. Map projection – this occurs because you must transform the curved surface of the earth on a flat plan. Map type – you can display the same information on different types of maps. Map type – you can display the same information on different types of maps.

9. Map scale – tells us relationship between distance on map and distance on earth’s surface Ratio scale = ratio of map distance to earth distance. Ratio scale = ratio of map distance to earth distance. 1:10,000 means that one inch on the map equals 10,000 inches earth’s surface; one centimeter represents 10,000 centimeters; or one foot equals 10,000 feet. 1:10,000 means that one inch on the map equals 10,000 inches earth’s surface; one centimeter represents 10,000 centimeters; or one foot equals 10,000 feet. Recall a small fraction has a large denominator so that 1:100,000 is a smaller scale than 1:25,000. Recall a small fraction has a large denominator so that 1:100,000 is a smaller scale than 1:25,000. A large-scale map depicts a small area with great detail. A large-scale map depicts a small area with great detail. A small-scale map depicts a larger area with little detail. Distortion is especially severe here. A small-scale map depicts a larger area with little detail. Distortion is especially severe here.

10. Which is the large- scale map? A. B. C. D.

11. A. B. C.

12. a. c. d. b.

13. Map scale continued Verbal scale – translates the representative fraction into words. Verbal scale – translates the representative fraction into words. One inch represents one mile conveys more meaning than 1:63,630. One inch represents one mile conveys more meaning than 1:63,630. Used little in places where people use metric system. People familiar with centimeters and kilometers have little need for verbal scales to tell them that 1:100,000 means that one centimeter equals 1 kilometer or that 1:250,000 means that four centimeter represent one kilometer. Used little in places where people use metric system. People familiar with centimeters and kilometers have little need for verbal scales to tell them that 1:100,000 means that one centimeter equals 1 kilometer or that 1:250,000 means that four centimeter represent one kilometer.

14. Map scale continued Graphic scale – is a simple bar scale that portrays distance on the map. Graphic scale – is a simple bar scale that portrays distance on the map.

15. Map projection is the way we fit earth’s three-dimensional surface onto flat paper or a screen

16. Goode’s Projection

17. Goode’s projection interrupts the oceans and tucks Australia and New Zealand farther west than in reality. Therefore, land masses appear relatively large compared to the oceans. Goode’s projection interrupts the oceans and tucks Australia and New Zealand farther west than in reality. Therefore, land masses appear relatively large compared to the oceans. Minimized distortion in the shape of the various land masses and the size of one land mass compared to other land masses. Minimized distortion in the shape of the various land masses and the size of one land mass compared to other land masses.

18. Mercator Projection

19. Stretches the poles from one length to the size of the equator. The north-south scale is constant, but east-west scale increases to twice the north-south scale at 60 degrees N and infinitely at the poles. Stretches the poles from one length to the size of the equator. The north-south scale is constant, but east-west scale increases to twice the north-south scale at 60 degrees N and infinitely at the poles. Shapes are correct for all areas, and map has correct directional relationships. Shapes are correct for all areas, and map has correct directional relationships. Look at the size of Greenland and Antarctica. Look at the size of Greenland and Antarctica. Map exaggerates the distance between Chicago and Stockholm, both in northern latitudes. Map exaggerates the distance between Chicago and Stockholm, both in northern latitudes.

20. Equal Area Projection

21. Represents areas correctly, but distorts shapes. Represents areas correctly, but distorts shapes. If South America is 8 times larger than Greenland on the globe, it will be 8 times bigger on the map. If South America is 8 times larger than Greenland on the globe, it will be 8 times bigger on the map.

22. Robinson Projection

23. Frequently used. Frequently used. Distorts both size and shape, but not too much. Distorts both size and shape, but not too much. The major benefit of the Robinson projection is that oceans are uninterrupted. This projection is useful in depicting patterns of global interaction. The major benefit of the Robinson projection is that oceans are uninterrupted. This projection is useful in depicting patterns of global interaction.

24. Equal Area Projection

25. Map Type – you can display the same information on different maps A thematic map depicts a single feature, for example: climate, population, landform or land use. A thematic map depicts a single feature, for example: climate, population, landform or land use. Statistical – Demonstrate information - include dot, choropleth and proportional symbol Statistical – Demonstrate information - include dot, choropleth and proportional symbol Types of maps: Types of maps: Isoline – connects points of equal value Isoline – connects points of equal value Choropleth – puts features into classes and then maps classes for each region Choropleth – puts features into classes and then maps classes for each region Cartogram – adjusts the size of the country corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped feature Cartogram – adjusts the size of the country corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped feature Proportional symbol – size of the symbol corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped feature Proportional symbol – size of the symbol corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped feature Dot – each dot represents some frequency Dot – each dot represents some frequency

26. Isoline – connects points of equal value Choropleth – puts features into classes and then maps classes for each region

27. Proportional symbol – size of the symbol corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped feature Cartogram – adjusts the size of the country corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped feature

28. Dot – each dot represents some frequency Thematic- spatial distribution of one or more specific themes

29. Other types of visual images: Mental map = map of an area in your mind Mental map = map of an area in your mind

30. Bottom line: hundreds of decisions are made in the making of a map, including scale, projection, and type. These decision ultimately determine the map’s message.

31. The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet is called remote sensing.

32. Space/Location Distribution – the arrangement of a feature in space. Distribution – the arrangement of a feature in space. Three properties a. Density – the frequency with which something occurs. b. Concentration – the extent of a feature’s spread over space. Used to describe changes in distribution. Clustered Clustered Dispersed Dispersed c. Pattern – geometric arrangement of objects in space.

33. Population Density

34. REGION defined: A region constitutes an area that shares similar characteristics – de Blij

35. Formal or Uniform Region Can be defined by physical criteria Can be defined by physical criteria Or by cultural traits Or by cultural traits

36. Functional or Nodal Region The product of interaction, of movement; not necessarily homogenous, rather the people of the region function together – politically, socially, or economically The product of interaction, of movement; not necessarily homogenous, rather the people of the region function together – politically, socially, or economically Will operate around a node Will operate around a node The surrounding area of a city The surrounding area of a city A newspaper circulation area A newspaper circulation area

37. Functional Region Core area – it characterizing features are most clearly defined Core area – it characterizing features are most clearly defined Periphery – characteristics become less prominent toward the region’s margins Periphery – characteristics become less prominent toward the region’s margins

38. Perceptual or Vernacular Primarily in the minds of people – how people think about regions Primarily in the minds of people – how people think about regions

39. Diffusion The process by which an idea or innovation is transmitted from one individual or group to another across space - Fellman

40. People move to a new area and take their culture with them – examples include- crops, culture, farming techniques, building styles People move to a new area and take their culture with them – examples include- crops, culture, farming techniques, building styles Known as Relocation Diffusion Information about an innovation may spread through a society – examples include - Hybrid corn, Cd’s, a religious creed. Possibly through mass media advertisement— Information about an innovation may spread through a society – examples include - Hybrid corn, Cd’s, a religious creed. Possibly through mass media advertisement— Known as Expansion Diffusion

41. Relocation Diffusion

42. Type of Expansion Diffusion Contagious Diffusion Contagious Diffusion Hierarchical Diffusion Hierarchical Diffusion Stimulus Diffusion Stimulus Diffusion

43. Contagious Diffusion Diffusion that spreads like a disease – but not necessarily applying only to diseases! Diffusion that spreads like a disease – but not necessarily applying only to diseases! Affects nearly uniformly all individuals and areas outward from the source region Affects nearly uniformly all individuals and areas outward from the source region Examples – influenza, HIV/AIDS, ideas on the world wide web Examples – influenza, HIV/AIDS, ideas on the world wide web

44. Hierarchical Diffusion The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places Examples- Birkenstocks, Christianity, styles of clothing, music Examples- Birkenstocks, Christianity, styles of clothing, music

45. Stimulus Diffusion A fundamental idea, though not the trait itself, stimulates imitative behavior A fundamental idea, though not the trait itself, stimulates imitative behavior Examples – creation of a unique Cherokee written language, Beta vs. VHS, Macs, Siberians domesticated reindeers (after seeing domesticated cattle) Examples – creation of a unique Cherokee written language, Beta vs. VHS, Macs, Siberians domesticated reindeers (after seeing domesticated cattle)

46. Cultural Hearths An area where cultural traits develop and from which the cultural traits diffuse. An area where cultural traits develop and from which the cultural traits diffuse. Examples – Islam, agriculture, Examples – Islam, agriculture,

47. Time-Distance Decay The farther the place is from the hearth, the less likely an innovation is to be adopted. The farther the place is from the hearth, the less likely an innovation is to be adopted. The acceptance of an innovation becomes less likely the longer it takes to reach its potential adopters. The acceptance of an innovation becomes less likely the longer it takes to reach its potential adopters. Cultural barriers work against diffusion. Cultural barriers work against diffusion.

48. S-Curve Diffusion of innovations Diffusion of innovations 3% - innovators, 13% early adopters, 68% majority, 16% laggards 3% - innovators, 13% early adopters, 68% majority, 16% laggards

49. Changing attributes of place (built landscape, sequent occupance) Changing attributes of place (built landscape, sequent occupance) Cultural attributes (cultural landscape) Cultural attributes (cultural landscape) Density (arithmetic, physiological) Density (arithmetic, physiological) Direction (absolute, relative) Direction (absolute, relative) Dispersion/concentration (dispersed/scattered, clustered/agglomerated) Dispersion/concentration (dispersed/scattered, clustered/agglomerated) Distance (absolute, relative) Distance (absolute, relative) Distribution Distribution Vocabulary

50. Environmental determinism / Possibilism Environmental determinism / Possibilism Location (absolute, relative, site, situation, place name) Location (absolute, relative, site, situation, place name) Pattern (linear, centralized, random) Pattern (linear, centralized, random) Physical attributes (natural landscape) Physical attributes (natural landscape) Spatial (of or pertaining to space on or near Earth’s surface) Spatial (of or pertaining to space on or near Earth’s surface) Spatial interaction (accessibility, connectivity, network, distance decay, friction of distance, time-space compression) Spatial interaction (accessibility, connectivity, network, distance decay, friction of distance, time-space compression)

51. Geographic Tools Geographic Tools Distortion Distortion Geographic Information System (GIS) Geographic Information System (GIS) Global Positioning System (GPS) Global Positioning System (GPS) Grid (North and South Poles, latitude, parallel, equator, longitude, meridian, prime meridian, international date line) Grid (North and South Poles, latitude, parallel, equator, longitude, meridian, prime meridian, international date line) Projection Projection Remote sensing Remote sensing Time zones Time zones