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The Science of Psychology

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1 The Science of Psychology
Chapter 1 Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

2 What is Psychology? Psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes Includes the study of both humans and animals Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

3 The Fields of Psychology
Developmental Psychology Physiological Psychology Experimental Psychology Personality Psychology Clinical and Counseling Psychology Social Psychology Industrial and Organizational Psychology Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

4 Developmental Psychology
Study of physical and mental growth from birth to old age Subfields Child psychology Adolescent psychology Life-span psychology Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

5 Physiological Psychology
Investigates the biological basis of human behavior Neurotransmitters Effects of drugs on the nervous system Development of the nervous system Gender differences in brain structure and function Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

6 Experimental Psychology
Perform experiments on basic psychological processes Learning Memory Sensation and perception Cognition Motivation Emotion Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

7 Personality Psychology
Study of how people differ from one another on traits such as Anxiety Sociability Self-esteem Need for achievement Aggressiveness Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

8 Clinical and Counseling Psychology
Clinical psychologists are concerned with diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders Counseling psychologists deal with “normal” problems, such as stress caused by career change or marital problems Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

9 Social Psychology Study of how people influence one another
Topics include: First impressions Interpersonal attraction Attitude formation Prejudice Behavior in a group Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

10 Industrial and Organizational Psychology
Study of psychological principles in industry and business Examples Selecting and training personnel Productivity improvement Working conditions Impact of automation on workers Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

11 Enduring Issues in Psychology
Person–Situation Is behavior caused by factors inside the person or outside? Nature-Nurture Is a person the product of genetics (nature) or simply the sum of their experiences (nurture)? Stability–Change Are behavior patterns learned in childhood permanent or do people change over time? Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

12 Enduring Issues in Psychology
Diversity-Universality How are people similar to others and how are they unique? Mind–Body What is the relationship between the mind and the body? Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

13 Psychology As Science Psychologists use the scientific method
Steps to the scientific method Collect data Generate a theory to explain the data Produce a testable hypothesis Systematically test the hypothesis Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

14 The Growth of Psychology
The "New Psychology": A Science of the Mind Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Bradford Titchener: Voluntarism and structuralism Search for the basic units of experience Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

15 The Growth of Psychology
William James: Functionalism Studied how humans use perception to function in our environment Sigmund Freud: Psychodynamic psychology Behavior results from forces at work within the individual, often at an unconscious level Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

16 The Growth of Psychology
John B. Watson: Behaviorism Studied only observable behaviors Expanded upon the work of Pavlov B.F. Skinner: Behaviorism revisited Expanded behaviorism Viewed the mind as a “black box” that was irrelevant Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

17 The Cognitive Revolution
The precursors to cognitive psychology: Gestalt psychology Study of how we perceive objects as whole patterns Humanistic psychology Emphasizes realization of full potential Recognizes importance of love, self esteem, belonging, and self-actualization Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

18 The Rise of Cognitive Psychology
Study of mental processes Thinking Learning Feeling Remembering Decision making Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

19 New Directions in Psychology
Evolutionary psychology Studies tha adaptive value of behaviors and mental processes Positive psychology Study of the subjective feelings of happiness and well-being Focus is on positive attitude Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

20 Multiple Perspectives
There is no single right answer Several perspectives can provide insight into behavior Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

21 Where Are The Women? Women have made important contributions despite discrimination Christine Ladd-Franklin Completed requirements for Ph.D. in 1880s Became a leading theorist in color vision Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

22 Where Are The Women? Mary Whiton Calkins Margaret Floy Washburn
First woman president of APA in 1905 Developed theory of self-psychology and a technique for studying verbal learning Margaret Floy Washburn First woman in America to receive a Ph.D. in psychology Became head of psychology at Vassar College Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

23 Where Are The Women? In recent years, the number of women with Ph.D.s has increased dramatically Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

24 Human Diversity In Psychology
Psychology has begun to focus attention on issues of diversity Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

25 Gender Issues Defined as the psychological and social meanings attached to being biologically male or female Gender stereotypes Limited view of people based on gender For example, “Only men can be police officers” Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

26 Gender Issues Feminist psychology Study of the psychology of women
Argue that Much research is based on all-male samples, thus does not Reports of gender differences focus too much on extremes and ignore similarities Psychologists only study what they consider to be important Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

27 Gender Issues Sexual orientation
Gender to which one is sexually attracted Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

28 Race and Ethnicity Issues
Race is a subpopulation defined by identifiable characteristic, e.g., skin color or facial features Ethnicity is a common cultural heritage, such as religion, language, or ancestry Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

29 Culture Issues Tangible goods and values, attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs that are passed on from generation to generation Psychology must take cultural differences into account, e.g., the difference between individualistic and collectivist societies Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

30 Research Methods in Psychology
Naturalistic Observation Systematic observation in natural setting The main drawback is observer bias Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

31 Research Methods in Psychology
Case Studies Detailed description and analysis of one or a few people Prominent in psychology Observer bias is a problem Unable to make generalizations past person being studied Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

32 Research Methods in Psychology
Surveys Questionnaires or interviews, such as polls prior to an election Can generate a lot of information for a fairly low cost Questions must be constructed carefully so as to not elicit socially appropriate answers Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

33 Research Methods in Psychology
Correlational Research Research technique based on the naturally occurring relationship between two or more variables Often used to make predictions, such as the relation between SAT scores and school success Cannot be used to determine cause and effect Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

34 Research Methods in Psychology
Experimental Research The only research method that can be used to determine cause and effect Often called the experimental method Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

35 Components of an Experiment
Participants or subjects Independent variable (IV) Cause (what you are studying) This is the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter Dependent variable (DV) Effect (result of experiment) This is the variable that is measured by the experimenter Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

36 Components of an Experiment
Experimental group Receives treatment Control group Does not receive treatment, but is the same in every other way Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

37 Research Methods in Psychology
Multimethod Research Studies often combine several methods Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

38 The Importance of Sampling in Research
Sample Small representative subset of a larger population Random sample Every subject had equal chance of being selected Representative sample Characteristics of participants correspond to larger population Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

39 Ethics in Research on Humans
Participants must be informed of nature of research Informed consent should be documented Risks and limits on confidentiality must be explained Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

40 Ethics in Research on Humans
If participation is a course requirement in an academic setting, alternative activities must be offered Deception cannot be used about aspects of research that would affect participant's willingness to participate Deception about the goals of research used only when absolutely necessary Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

41 Ethics in Research on Animals
Psychologists using animals must ensure “appropriate consideration of the animal’s comfort, health, and human treatment” Animals must not be exposed to pain, stress, or privation when alternative procedures are available Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

42 Careers in Psychology Academic and Applied Psychology
Faculty positions Research facilities Clinical Settings Licensed social workers Counseling psychologists Clinical psychologists Psychiatrists Psychoanalysts Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

43 Licenses in Psychology
Psychologists - Ph.D., Psy.D. Psychiatrists - M.D. Psychoanalysts - M.D. or Ph.D. Social Workers (M.S.W.) - LSW Marriage Family Therapists - M.A. Psychology: An Introduction 12/e - Charles G. Morris & Albert A. Maisto (c) 2005 Prentice Hall

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