2. William Shakespeare Widely regarded as the greatest writer in English Literature

3. What play does it come from? “To be, or not to be: that is the question” -Hamlet

4. What play does it come from? "What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet“ -Romeo & Juliet

5. What play does it come from? "Et tu, Brute!“ -Julius Caesar

6. What play does it come from? "If you prick us, do we not bleed? if you tickle us, do we not laugh? if you poison us, do we not die? and if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?“ -Merchant of Venice

7. What play does it come from? "All the world 's a stage, and all the men and women merely players. They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts" -As you like it

8. Shakespeare’s Life 1564-1616 Stratford-on-Avon, England wrote 37 plays Also wrote ≈ 154 sonnets started out as an actor

9. Marriage and Life in London 1582 at age 18 he married Anne Hathaway (not the actress) who was 8 years older than he. Had a daughter born 6 months after they were married (do the math) also had twin sons, one of whom (Hamlet) died at age 11 1592 (28 years old) went to London actor and playwright accused of borrowing from other playwrights 1592-1594 Plague

10. Built by Shakespeare's theatre company in 1598 Could hold several thousand people Used flags to let the people know the days and genres of the plays to be shown: Black = tragedy White = comedy Red = history Burnt to the ground in 1613 when a special effects cannon caught the roof on fire Rebuilt (globe 2 ) in 1614

13. The Theater Plays produced for the general public Roofless (open air) No artificial lighting Courtyard surrounded by 3 levels of galleries

14. Spectators Wealthy had benches “Groundlings” = poorer people stood and watched from the courtyard (“pit”) All but wealthy were uneducated and illiterate Much more interaction than today

15. Staging Areas Stage = platform that extended into the pit second-level gallery = upper stage (famous balcony scene in R & J) Trap doors were for the ghosts to appear from

16. Differences No scenery Setting was just references in dialogue Elaborate costumes Plenty of props Fast-paced, ≈ 2 hours!

17. Actors Only men and boys Young boys whose voices had not changed play women’s roles Would have been considered indecent for a woman to appear on stage

18. Elizabethan (QE1) Words An,and: If Anon: Soon Aye: Yes But:Except for E’en:Even E’er: Ever

19. QE1 Words (contin.) Haply:Perhaps Happy:Fortunate Hence:Away, from her Hie:Hurry Marry:Indeed

20. QE1 Words (contin.) Whence:Where Wilt:Will, will you Withal:In addition to Would:Wish

21. SHAKESPEAREAN TERMS/DEFINITIONS Some of these you already know

22. Shakespeare wrote 3 genres of plays: Comedies Histories Tragedies

23. Comedy (Shakespearean) A drama or narrative with a happy ending or non-tragic theme. Comedy of manners- depicts and satirizes the manners and customs of fashionable society. High comedy- appeals to and reflects the life and problems of the upper social classes, characterized by a witty, sardonic treatment. Low comedy- farce, slap stick, burlesque, horse play

24. History (Shakespearean) Plays based on the lives of English kings. Shakespeare's source for most of these historical plays was Raphael Holinshed's Chronicle of English History. Other plays such as King Lear and Macbeth are commonly regarded as tragedies instead, because they are either a.not English (Macbeth was Scottish) b.older historical figures.

25. Tragedy (Shakespearean) Drama where the central character (s) suffer disaster/great misfortune In many tragedies, downfall results from: Fate Character flaw/Fatal flaw Combination of the two

26. Tragic Hero A person of high rank who is brought to eventual ruin by a flaw in his/her character. Example: Macbeth’s tragic flaw is his ambition which leads him into a series of bloody and increasingly indefensible acts.

27. Plot The sequence of events that create and then resolve a conflict. Plot movement: Beginning of story Rising action Climax (peak tension) or Crisis (dramatic turning point) Falling action (fall of tragic hero) Resolution or Denouncement (Point at which conflict ends and outcome is made clear)

28. Exposition The plot usually begins introducing: setting characters basic situation

29. Inciting Moment Often called “initial incident” the first bit of action that occurs which begins the plot Romeo and Juliet “lock eyes” at the party

30. Conflict The struggle that develops man vs. man man vs. himself man vs. society man vs. nature

31. Crisis The point where the protagonist’s situation will either get better or worse

32. Climax The turning point of the story Thus begins the falling action

33. Resolution The end of the central conflict

34. Denouement The final explanation or outcome of the plot If this is included in literature, it will occur after the resolution.

35. Static Characters Characters within a story who remain the same. They do not change. They do not change their minds, opinions or character. Example: Caesar

36. Dynamic Character Characters that change somehow during the course of the plot, generally for the better. Example: Antony or Cassius

37. Monologue One person speaking on stage (not necessarily alone on stage) Example: Antony’s funeral speech

38. Soliloquy Long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage. Well, Brutus, thou art noble; yet I see thy honorable mettle may be wrought from that it is disposed; Therefore it is meet That noble minds keep ever with their likes; for who so firm that cannot be seduced? Caesar doth bear me hard, but he loves Brutus. If I were Brutus now and he were Cassius, He should not humor me. Cassius’ soliloquy about Brutus Act 1 Sc 2

39. Aside Words spoken, usually in an undertone not intended to be heard by all characters Example: Cassius speaking to Brutus about Antony during Act 3 scene 1

40. Pun Humorous use of a word with two meanings Examples: ACT 1 Scene 1: “I am a mender of soles (souls)” ACT 3 Scene 1: “Oh world you were a forest to this deer, and this deer, oh world, was your dear.”

41. Dramatic Irony A contradiction between what a character thinks and what the reader/audience knows to be true Example: Caesar thinking that the Senate is going to give him a crown on March 15th

42. Situational Irony An event occurs that directly contradicts the expectations of the characters, the reader, or the audience Example: Antony planning to go against the Senate after he told them he was on their side.