1. BATTLE OF DECADES 40S & 50S Group 1: Macon, Ooksang, June

2. Key Issues of these two decades Key Words: WWII,1 st Generation of computer, Mass Instruction, Instructional Television, Teaching Machines, Sputnik 20’s - 30’sFormative Period 40’s - 50’s Consolidation Period Post-war Period Association for Educational Communications and Technology

3. Outline  1940s Media ?  1940s Design ?  1950s Design ?  1950s Media ?

4. Media in 1940s Division of Visual Aid Audio-Visual Instruction World War II Audio-Visual Instruction Visual Aid Devices Military School Industry Overhead Projector Slide Projector Audio Equipment ■ Individuals Visualizing Curriculum (Charles et al) Edgar (1946) “Cone of Experience” ■ Events

5. Electronic Computer Systems vacuum tubes in electronic circuits. Punch cards to input and store data. Machine language First Generation:1943-1956 ENIAC 17,468 vacuum tube 8 feet (2.4 m) by 3 feet (0.9 m) by 100 feet (30 m)

6. Design in 40s  50s Robert B. Miller Robert Gagne Robert Gagne [ Developing Tests ] [ Research and Theory on Instruction ] Leslie Briiggs Leslie Briiggs John Flanagan John Flanagan Psychologists & Educators Successful Educational Technology Failure Rate Successful Rate

7. Design in 50s  Influential Learning Theory---Behavioral View of Learning Key people: Robert Miller, B.F. Skinner  Training as a system (Miller)  Programmed Instruction Movement (Skinner)  Robert Gagne, Leslie Briiggs, John Flanagan

8. Robert Miller & B.F. Skinner  1953 Miller developed a detailed task analysis methodology for military.  1954 “The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching”  B.F. Skinner had presented his first teaching machine, based on operant conditioning principles, in 1954 and major school demonstration projects were underway between 1957 and 1962.teaching machine

9. Sputnik in1957 and NDEA in 1958  Cold War  The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958, which provided funding for equipment, materials, research, and college scholarships intended to improve the nation’s competence in math, science, and modern foreign languages. Many of the sections of the act specifically referred to radio, television, film, and audiovisual media.  Federal government put more funding in educational technology

10. Some Key Act & Organizations  National Defense Education Act (NDEA)  Department of Audio Visual Instruction :As schools and colleges purchased more Audio Visual equipment and materials they needed specialized professional staff to oversee and promote their use. Thousands of new jobs were created, and many of the job holders joined DAVI.  In late1950s, National Special Media Institutes, which not only provided training in the use of the new technologies but also attracted many of the participants into the field as audiovisual specialists.  University of Chicago: The first true educational television program was Sunrise Semester, based in Chicago. From 1959 into the early Sixties, Sunrise Semester featured a single broadcaster, a teacher, standing before a class with a camera shooting over the heads of the students.

11. And more…  As 40s was the origin of educational technology, the 50s marked the beginning of federal support in Education Technology targeted at mass education.  Application of early instructional design instruments laid foundation for more innovation technology in education.  Researches from NEDA make instruction more effective

12. 1952 1951 1950 WOI-TV – first educational TV station 1958 1955 1959 Media in 50s Midwest Program of Airborne TV Instruction National Defense Education Act 1958 St. Louis Public Schools San Diego Public Schools & Alabama Ford Foundation – FAE & TFAE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJeZw65sscY

13. Group Reflection  We learned … 1.the importance of evaluating the program for instructional use. 2. politics, world events, culture does influence the educational technology field. 3. that it is important to have a global view in this field. 4. cross-cultural and interpersonal communication skills are very important in group work.

14. Thank you!  Group 1: Macon, Ooksang, June Presented 9.6.2007