1. Aim #1: What were the major patterns of Native American life in North America before the Europeans arrived?
Do now! Read de las Casas’ Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies” and de Sepulveda’s Concerning the Just Causes of War Against the Indians” and answer questions on handout

2. Main Ideas
*Native Populations of North America
*Columbian Exchange & its Consequences
*Clashing Worldviews: Early Interactions of Indians, Africans, and Europeans

3. Bering Sea Land Bridge Migration
How native americans ended up in the Americas

4. Two General Views of Indians by Europeans
noble “savages” that were respectful of their environment.
dishonest, manipulative, and totally willing to drastically alter the physical landscape.

5. Why Two Views?
Paintings of 16th Century Indians were created by European artists who ascribed to the Greek school of art.
1. What are the similarities between these paintings of Indians and Europeans?
2. What is the likelihood that our view of Native Americans today is biased because the primary documents we use to research Indians were created by Europeans?
3. If we view the Native Americans through the lens of the Europeans, how will that color our view of Native Americans?

6. Dude, Indians are innocent and noble.
Why Two Views?
Dude, Indians are innocent and noble.
Umm…no.
These two guys were the ones who came up with the different views of Native Americans.
De Las Casas
Sepulveda 6

7. The Black Legend
The Black Legend is a style of historical writing or propaganda that demonizes the Spanish Empire, its people and its culture.
De Las Casas

8. From what we discussed last week, what do we know about how Native American tribes adapted to their environment? ?
Look at the different regions. Need to know the regions. Know the description of the region in terms of the environment and the geography. Why are these regions distinguished like this? Geography is very important. Alquonquin and Iroquis, Great Plains (Sioux); Southwest (Pueblo, Apache); northwest. Synthesis.

10. The Americas… One example is the Iroquois Confederacy.
Five Indian nations created a military alliance and promised to help each other in order to defeat their enemies.
The Confederacy remained strong until the American Revolution in 1776! 10

11. Native Culture and Lifestyle
Nomadic OR Sedentary
Gender Roles
Women shared in labor except hunting
Animism: the worldview that non-human entities—such as animals, plants, and inanimate objects—possess a spiritual essence
Eastern Woodlands
Hunting and Agriculture (fur, corn, beans, squash)
Hopewell
Iroquois
Mohawks, Oneidas, Onodagas, Cayugas, Senecas
Algonquian
Mississippian
Hunting and Agriculture
Great Plains
Hunting (buffalo)
Sioux
Southwest
Agriculture (corn)
Anasazi/Pueblo
Stone and adobe structures
Pacific Northwest
Hunting and fishing (salmon)
Cedar forests
Totem poles
Animism: religion of Native Americans through nature. Hunting and agriculture (fur trade); mound builders; Great Plains (hunting the buffalo); nomadic tribes (geography of Great Plains); Southwest geography (Grand Canyon, Las Vegas, the desert, “how are they able to grow maize?” maize comes from South American culture; how can they grow corn in rocky enviornment? Irrigation (Pueblo); Pacific Northwest (fishing and hunting). Europeans said “Natives are uncivilized.” What do you see in the picture? Rivers are the highways of pre-Columbian civilizations. They will trade their crops with other civilizations. You see monuments, massive structures, homes, pyramids. Used rivers and tributaries.
Cahokia, c CE (future St. Louis, Cinncinnati)

12. Great Serpent Mount - Ohio
Great Plains native lifestyle
Totem poles – Pacific Northwest
Cliff Palace – Colorado
What do you think they used mounds for? Look at “Kincaid” looks like a city. Look at Great Plains picture. Why teppees? Easy to put up and down to follow the buffalo. What’s wrong with this picture? There’s a horse there. What’s wrong with that? Europeans brought horses. Totem poles (history, religion of the tribes)
Kincaid - Illinois

13. BIG DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATIVE AMERICANS AND
EUROPEANS..HOW THEY VIEWED LAND OWNERSHIP
Native Americans
Europeans
Did not treat the land like they owned it because the concept of ownership was foreign
Instead of trying to change the land to make it most conducive to their lifestyle, they changed their lifestyles in accordance with their geography.
Humans had dominion over earth
Change the land to suit them
“You think you own whatever land you land on The Earth is just a dead thing you can claim But I know every rock and tree and creature Has a life, has a spirit, has a name “

14. The Americas… Mayan Empire Aztec Empire
Another example were the Aztec, Mayan, and Incan Empires. They waged large-scale wars, created alliances, and greatly altered the environmental landscape.

15. European Colonization
God
Glory
Gold
Spain
Christopher Columbus (1492)
France
Jacques Cartier (1534)
Dutch
Henry Hudson (1609)
England
Charter Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Royal Colonies
Spreading Catholic faith (Spanish, French); getting away from religious persecution; glory (power)

16. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
An agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

17. European Colonies
Spanish Florida (New Spain); 13 colonies (British); you need to know who is where geographically

18. DEBATE: COLUMBUS: HERO OR VILLIAN?
Directions: Complete your assigned reading and be ready to defend your side tomorrow 

19. Columbian Exchange
Discussion: corn and potatoes go to Europe because more nutricious population grows in Europe, feed bigger population. Other side, look at what Europe gave to Americas. Sugar cane plantations, cattle and horses; cattle impact on society; horses have impact on Great Plains; exchange of crops and people (diseases, small pox); wiped out 90% of Native American population; Africa is affected because need new labor source since Native Americans are wiped out. Have to talk about both sides.

20. The Collision of Cultures Begins
Encomiendas!!
The large-scale plantations that used Indians as slave labor in the Caribbean and South America were called encomiendas.
Encomiendas were supposed to convert the Indians to Christianity.
In return for saving their souls from Hell the Indians were supposed to work for the Spaniards.
WE WILL NOW COMPLETE THE “COLONIAL DOMINATION” MURAL QUESTIONS BY ANALYZING THE MURAL ITSELF IN GROUPS

22. KEY #1

26. KEY #2
KEY #2

27. KEY #3
KEY #3

28. KEY #4
KEY #4

31. The Spanish in America Royal Colonies Relations with Natives Labor
Viceroys
Relations with Natives
Catholic Conversion and Missions
Pueblo Revolt (1680)
Labor
Encomienda System
Asiento System
Spanish Caste System
Aztecs, Mayans and Incans. Absolute monachy, run by the kingd Whom, viceroys are “running the show”; Spain is really Catholic, Pueblo Revolt (1680) technically out of period 1. Spanish were cruel to Natives. Explain encominenda system, basically slavery (murla), planatiations and mining and Natives are not accustomed to doing either. Asiento system, brought over African slaves partnering with West African groups; Spanish government granted slave traders the right to bring slaves from slaves from West Afria; traded primarily weapons. Why don’t West Africans use weapons against Europeans? West African sla]]]tribes “when one African tribe went wto Europeans decide to trade weapons to a tribe and now they can go to war with another tribe and you can sell the “losers” to as a labor force. Look at Spanihs caste system.
Synthesis: slavery; can introduce

32. The Spanish in America The Vallodilid Controversy (1550-1551)
Juan Gines de Sepulveda
Concerning the Just Cause of the War Against the Indians (1547)
“Those whose condition is such that their function is the use of their bodies and nothing better can be expected of them, those, I say, are slaves of nature. It is better for them to be ruled thus.”
Bartoleme de las Casas
The New Laws (1542)
A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (1552)
“The Indians are our brothers, and Christ has given his life for them. Why, then, do we persecute them with such inhuman savagery?... They will embrace the teaching of the Gospel, as well I know, for they are not stupid or barbarous but have a native sincerity and are simple, moderate, and meek.... Once they have embraced it, it is marvelous with what piety, eagerness, faith, and charity they obey Christ's precepts and venerate the sacraments. For they are docile and clever, and in their diligence and gifts of nature, they excel most peoples of the known world.”
Sepulveda: Natives are inferior, uncivilized, naturally slaves; they need to be conquered, sere the empire and Catholicized
De las Casas: appalled by treatment of Natives by Spanish; shouldn’t do it by conquest; we need to act like Christian; they won’t appreciate forced spread of the faith; need to be treated as equals
Tell the students: de las Casas has been to the Americas; Sepulveda never went to the Americas. Basisng his philosophy on other people’s accounts (the accounts of other people).
Who is their intended audience?

33. The French in America Royal Colonies Jesuits and Catholic Conversion
Fur Trade
Native Relations
Trade Networks
Alliances
Intermarriage
French treat the Natives with the most respect; we should work with the natives (fur trade); origin of the “mountain men” French learning the fur trade and navigating the rivers; theyw ork with the Natigves by forimgin economic alliances against the British, the Iroquis, they intermarry. “they get it”

34. The English in America Charters and Joint-Stock Companies
Population Growth
Indentured Servants
Native Relations
Early Native Assistance
Animosity and Exclusion
Anglo-Powhatan Wars
Pequot Wars ( )
King Philip’s War ( )
More diverse group; New England colonies more family oriented; English at first got help from the Natives, but Natives helped Englishlearng about food and how to grow them in the beginning, bu then English said “thanks for the tips, we are now going to take your land” series of wars; Pequot Wars (wars are technically in period 2) but just serve as an explanation for the relationship between the two sides; English not big on integrating with the Natives; they pushed them west, no intermarriage; relationships not as established as they were with the French and Spanish. In general, English were very excluded, segregated, not incluined to work well with the Natives.

35. Smallpox and Natives c. 1575-1580
Natives suffering from small pox. 90%!!! Next slide can be intense.

36. Smallpox
more recent picture of someone suffering from small pox; person is writing in pain from the blisters; I This is what happened to a vast amjority of Natives.

37. Period one SAQ: 2 historical intrepretations that we will now look at
Period one SAQ: 2 historical intrepretations that we will now look at. Use this to introduce iintrepretations of SAW.